“…The relationship between these two constructs remains to this day an open question, with expert opinion running the entire gamut of possibilities. For example, Klopfer (1954), Bash (1955), and Beck (1960) consider the two constructs to be highly similar, while Loosli-Usteri (1965), Rausch de Traubenberg (1990), Anzieu (1992), and Exner (1993) take the opposite view. Moreover, results from empirical studies are also inconsistent (e.g., Bieri & Blacker, 1956, Singer & Spohn, 1954; Palmer, 1956, Singer & Herman, 1954).…”