“…[23,32] Based on this model, the free-energy equation that introduces the coupling of the order parameter Q to the strain e using linear order terms like eQ was applied. [23] Therefore, in our present work, the Landau free-energy equation was fitted to the temperature dependence of C L for Tl 0.9 Bi 0.1 Sr 2¡x Ce x Ca 0.9 Y 0.1 Cu 1.99 Fe 0.01 O 7¡d for (x D 0, 0.10 and 0.2) samples. From the Landau treatment, the relationship between the elastic modulus C L and the temperature T both below and above T A can be expressed as follows:…”