Overweight and obesity in men and women and health inequalities in Brazil 2Obesity is a serious public health problem. In Brazil, the consumption of processed foods and the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases grew, for which obesity is an important risk factor. This study analyzes the socioeconomic conditions of excess body weight from the perspective of health economics and health inequalities, using data from the National Health Survey (PNS) for the year 2019 and the 2017-2018 Family Budget Survey, both from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The analysis of regression and logit models is performed separately for men and women aged 20 years or older, using measured and reported measures of weight and height, evaluating the effects of several factors on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the BMI Z-score, as well as on the probabilities of overweight and obesity. In addition, inequalities in health in the country are analyzed through the concentration ratio of diseases, health services and goods that promote it. Energy and nutrient intake and frequency of food consumption were also analyzed for different overweight categories and classifications. The results show that income and education are overweight determinants, but with different effects between men and women and different impacts depending on the sample used. Living with a spouse, being responsible for the household and having children are important conditioning factors of body mass and, so far, have been little explored in the literature. There is evidence that diseases are strongly underestimated in lower income groups, in addition, it was found that expenditures with health plans are more concentrated in the relatively wealthy, which confirms the relevance of public health. As with most epidemics, if obesity continues to rise over the long run, it will be a major driver of health inequalities.