“…Examples of adaptations of domestic violence programs are the creation of elder specific shelters (Mcdonald & Collins, 2000;Podnieks, 2008;Solomon, 2006), developing support groups (Brownell & Heiser, 2006;Hightower, Smith, Ward-Hall, & Hightower, 1999), hotlines, legal clinics, and family and individual counselling programs (Podnieks, 2008). Criticisms of these programs point out that the existing problems with police response, such as restraining orders and lack of follow up services, apply equally to older adults.…”