Elderly Migration to the Sunbelt: Seasonal Versus Permanent

Abstract

A substantial body of research has focused on the interstate migration of elderly households to the Sunbelt. Most of this research has concentrated on permanent moves, but seasonal migration of elderly households to Sunbelt locations has become an increasingly important social phenomenon. Although some have suggested that such temporary migration serves as a precursor ofpermanent locations, recent analyses have found that such seasonal migration constitutes an alternative elderly life-style. Using 1980 census data, this study empirically examines the similarities and differences in these two types of elderly migration flows to a Sunbelt state such as Arizona. The statistical results indicate that seasonal and permanent migration are correlated in different ways to the variables usually found to be determinants of elderly migration flows and suggest the two types of elderly migration are related but separate phenomena.

A Logistic Model of the Seasonal Migration Decision for Elderly Households in Arizona and Minnesota

“…The two quantitative variables, Income and Age, are not as significant in previous studies (see Hogan, 1987;Hogan & Steinnes, 1993;Steinnes & Hogan, 1992) of seasonal migration rates (to Florida and Arizona), which are based on the analysis of aggregated Census data. One of the reasons aggregate studies are unable to find a relationship between these characteristics and migration choices (as measured by migration rates for different states) is that there is too little variation between states in the means, or medians, of these variables.…”

“…While most studies of elderly seasonal migrants have relied upon data from surveys conducted in particular Sunbelt states, a few studies have utilized information relating to nonpermanent resident populations derived from the 1980 Census of Population (Gober & Mings, 1984;Hogan, 1987;Hogan & Steinnes, 1993;Rose & Kingma, 1989;Steinnes & Hogan, 1992). These data on nonpermanent residents were not intended by the U.S. Census Bureau to be accurate estimates of seasonal or other forms of temporary migration, and researchers have emphasized problems with the data and the fact that the data underestimate the volume of temporary migration.…”

“…Even with these limitations, the Census data represent the only nationwide data relating to temporary migration available and have been the basis of national studies of the phenonemon. In particular, these data were utilized to estimate models of elderly seasonal migration to Arizona and Florida (Hogan, 1987) and to compare models of permanent and seasonal migration flows to Arizona (Hogan & Steinnes, 1993).…”

Talking, walking, riding and driving: The mobilities of older adults

“…Using this traditional approach, research on the 'movement' of the elderly has examined variations in travel mode by location and a host of socio-demographic attributes (Tacken, 1998;OECD, 2001;Rosenbloom, 2001;Alsnih and Hensher, 2003); the timing, frequency and characteristics of retirement and seasonal migration travel by older individuals (Dahmann and McArthur, 1987;McHugh and Mings, 1996;Hogan and Steinnes, 1994; and driving behaviour among the elderly (Rosenbloom, 2001;Lyman et al, 2001).…”

生活方式型移民研究综述

“…)、第 二 居 所 旅 游 (Barke, 1991;Hogan et al, 1993;Williams, Hall, 2000;Casado-Díaz et al, 2004; (Salt, 2001) 多为大都市经济宽裕的人迁入环境舒适的乡村地区， 寻找一种更好的生活方式 (Burnley et al, 2004) 选择自然环境舒适、 气候宜人、 休闲轻松、 房价合适的地方迁移， 目的是寻找更好的生活方式而非就业 (Gurran, 2008) 西班牙的气候、 健康平静的生活节奏和较低的生活费用吸引大量退休者 (Casado-Díaz, 2006) 在异地购买第二住宅， 其使用动机包括： 生活方式动机、 逃避或转换日常城市生活动机、 回归自然等 (吴悦芳等, 2012) 拥有经济条件在旅游地居住且流动性较大的北欧移民， 迁移动机为追求生活质量、 缓慢放松的生活节奏、 气候/阳光、 较 低的生活成本等(O 'Reilly, 2007) 每年冬天迁往西班牙的英国退休移民， 迁移动机为休闲娱乐、 友好社区和有利于健康的气候(O' Reilly, 2000) 部分为城郊移民或退休移民， 经济宽裕， 寻找一种更好的生活方式 (Mitchell, 2004) 气候/舒适性、 生活方式、 当地服务等成为主要迁移动机 (Guhathakurta et al, 2007) 北美洲阳光地带的季节性退休移民； 气候、 健康、 访友和旅行是迁移的主要原因 (Sullivan et al, 1982) 注： 来自笔者对生活方式型移民相关研究文献的整理。 (2010b) Smallwood (2007) O' Reilly(1995) Veal ( Abstract: With the economic development and enhanced individual self-awarenes in post modern society, searching for a better way of life-lifestyle-related migration has become an important form of mobility and has been highly concerned by international scholars. In China, lifestyle mobility is emerging; yet, it has not caught the attention of the Chinese researchers except that a few articles have been published on lifestyle entrepreneurs.…”