Electric‐Field‐Induced Gradient Ionogels for Highly Sensitive, Broad‐Range‐Response, and Freeze/Heat‐Resistant Ionic Fingers

Yang

IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics

2021

The emerging applications of collaborative robots (cobots) are spilling out from product manufactories to service industries for human care, such as patient care for combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and in-home care for coping with the aging society. There are urgent demands on equipping cobots with safe collaboration, immersive teleoperation, affective interaction, and other features (e.g., energy autonomy and self-learning) to make cobots capable of these application scenarios. Robot skin, as a potential enabler, is able to boost the development of cobots to address these distinguishing features from the perspective of multimodal sensing and self-contained actuation. This review introduces the potential applications of cobots for human care together with those demanded features. In addition, the explicit roles of robot skin in satisfying the escalating demands of those features on inherent safety, sensory feedback, natural interaction, and energy autonomy are analyzed. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the recent progress in functionalized robot skin in components level, including proximity, pressure, temperature, sensory feedback, and stiffness tuning, is presented. Results show that the codesign of these sensing and actuation functionalities may enable robot skin to provide improved safety, intuitive feedback, and natural interfaces for future cobots in human care applications. Finally, open challenges and future directions in the real implementation of robot skin and its system synthesis are presented and discussed.

Section: ) Functional Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Robot Skin: A Potential Enabler for Safe Collaboration, Immersive Teleoperation, and Affective Interaction of Future Collaborative Robots

Yang

IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics

2021

“…[9] Ionogels are solid composites based on ionic liquids (ILs) and polymeric 3D networks. [10] Ionogels have been used in flexible electronics, such as energy storage and conversion devices, [11] actuators, [12] and sensors [13] . Ren et al reported an IL-based click-ionogel that can stretch 13 times the original length and work over a wide temperature range (from −75 °C to 340 °C), which could be applied in flexible and sensing devices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired Photonic Ionogels as Interactively Visual Ionic Skin with Optical and Electrical Synergy

Lyu

Wang

Peng

et al. 2021

Small

conductors (e.g., hydrogels, [6] and ionogels [7] ), have been designed. Among these signal conductors, ionic conductors offer great potential in wearable sensing applications because of their various skin-like features, including flexible and stretchable natures, relatively high conductivity, and stimuli-responsiveness to the environment. [8] Especially, ionogels have recently attracted considerable attention due to their broad working temperature range, high ionic conductivity, nonvolatility, high thermal-, electrochemical-, and chemical stability, and nonflammability. [9] Ionogels are solid composites based on ionic liquids (ILs) and polymeric 3D networks. [10] Ionogels have been used in flexible electronics, such as energy storage and conversion devices, [11] actuators, [12] and sensors [13] . Ren et al. reported an IL-based click-ionogel that can stretch 13 times the original length and work over a wide temperature range (from −75 °C to 340 °C), which could be applied in flexible and sensing devices. [7a] Cao et al. fabricated an ionogel with transparency, mechanical robustness, and high stability through hydrogen bonding between poly(ethyl acrylate)-based elastomers and bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI) -based ILs, which can be used as a sensor to monitor mechanical motion. [7c] Although ionogels exhibited promising applications as strain sensors, they primarily provide a single electrical sensing signal, which cannot satisfy the increasing demands of intelligent interactive devices.Some organisms (e.g., chameleon, [14] cuttlefish, [15] leaf-tailed gecko, [16] and flatfish [17] ) can employ their skin as interactive interfaces, which can interact with the surroundings by color change for camouflage, communication, and courtship. [18] For example, when perceiving danger, chameleons can transmit the bioelectrical signal to the brain nerves to keep the body still and change skin colors simultaneously through tuning the lattice array of guanine nanocrystals inside iridophores, to give visual feedback to the surrounding ecosystem. [14] These superstructures within specialized cells form photonic crystals that can reflect a specific wavelength of incident light to display structural color. [19] By mimicking these color-changeable biological skins, some photonic crystal sensors with conductive capabilities have been prepared by incorporating electrical or ionic conductors, providing additional visual and intuitive signal With the ever-growing demands for flexible smart interactive electronics, it remains highly desirable yet challenging to design and fabricate interactive ionic skin with multiple signal synergistic outputs. Herein, high-performance photonic ionogels (PIGs) with excellent stability and synergy sensitivity are designed by locking a non-volatile and non-hygroscopic ionic liquid (IL), that is, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm] [TFSI]), into photonic elastomers based on polymer networks of poly(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate (PEGPEA). Through m...

“…Figure 13 Scheme illustrated the preparation of IC gels 29 and the process of reversible adhesion [76] . 30 [77] . 该梯度离子凝胶在两个电极之间表现出 48…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A) An overview of human finger skin and a scheme illustrated the layered structure of human 8 skin and related biological nerve receptors. B) scheme 9 illustrated the process of preparing gradient-excited 10 gradient ion gel with electric field induction and solution 11 replacement strategy [77] . 12 5 聚离子液体抗菌材料…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthesis and application of poly(ionic liquid)s functional materials

Guo¹,

Zhou²,

Li³

et al. 2021

Sci. Sin.-Chim

Self Cite

六环 [9] ，N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF) [10] ，水 [11] ，四氢呋 2 喃(THF) [12] 等。溶液聚合是制备聚离子液体的常用方 3 法，具有良好的普适性，被广泛用于制备聚离子液体. 4 后修饰制备聚离子液体可通过季氨化反应构建离子液 40 体基团，也可通过共价键直接将离子液体基团引入聚 41 合物结构单元中。通过调节引入的化学结构不同的离 42 子液体可以获得不同性能的聚离子液体. Ji 等 [24] 利用 43 碘甲烷对聚合物中的吡啶基团进行季氨化合成吡啶基 44 的离子聚合物，该聚合物表现出良好的抗菌性(图 4). 45 Kim 等 [25] 通过季氨化反应，将具有变色特性的联吡啶 46 阳离子引入到聚合物中获得电致变色材料. Cameron 47