Electric power system inertia: requirements, challenges and solutions

Abstract

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The future role of human operators in highly automated electric power systems

“…inverter-coupled devices in place of synchronous machines reduce the total inertia, which speeds up response times and is detrimental to the grid's resilience to disturbances [85].…”

A Novel Control Architecture for Hybrid Power Plants to Provide Coordinated Frequency Reserves

“…Traditionally, Equation (1) has been used to define the simplified frequency behavior of any power system [21]. Such an equation expresses how a generation-demand imbalance causes a frequency variation, given that the speed or rate of that change is inversely proportional to the inertia and the size of the system:…”

“…However, nowadays, due to the loss of such inertia, its use is becoming increasingly relevant. For the purposes of this study, the inertia constant has been set to 3 s, since it is a standard value presented by systems with high shares of RES, like Denmark [21].…”

Fundamentals of power systems modelling in the presence of converter-interfaced generation

“…With respect to other surveys, e.g., [8,[14][15][16][17], this paper has the goal to discuss specific aspects related to the fundamentals of power systems modelling in the presence of large amount of CIG. In this respect, section II is devoted to the modelling needs: it focuses on the problem of power systems' reduced inertia, recalls the concepts of narrow versus broad band signals and discusses the interaction between CIG and synchronous machine controls and the limitation of the concepts of apparent power, power factor and reactive power.…”