Electric shocks during machine milking

Whittlestone, W. G.; Mullord, M.M.; Kilgour, R.; Cate, L.R.

doi:10.1080/00480169.1975.34209

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Another example of this "giving up something valued" approach is an older study on stray voltage (Whittlestone et al, 1975). Cows were initially presented with 2 panels they could press, both with an equal probability of delivering a food reward (crushed barley).…”

Section: How Much?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some studies have failed to detect mood-induced differences. For example, a study on European starlings found no effect of the birds' emotional state (anxiety induced by threatening calls) on level of attention, perhaps because the negative stimulus Whittlestone et al (1975). Cows abandoned their interactions with a panel delivering food rewards when it was associated with electric shocks of increasing current.…”

Section: Cognitive Biasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Ede

Lecorps

Keyserlingk

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Affective states, which refer to feelings or emotions, are a key component of animal welfare, but these are also difficult to assess. Drawing upon a body of theoretical and applied work, we critically review the scientific literature on the assessment of affective states in animals, drawing examples where possible from research on dairy cattle, and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of scientific methods used to assess affective states in animals. We adopt the "valence/arousal" framework, describing affect as a 2-dimensional space (with valence referring to whether an experience is positive or negative, and arousal referring to the intensity of the experience). We conclude that spontaneous physiological and behavioral responses typically reflect arousal, whereas learned responses can be valuable when investigating valence. We also conclude that the assessment of affective states can be furthered using mood assessments and that the use of drug treatments with known emotional effects in humans can be helpful in the assessment of specific affective states in animals.

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Section: How Much?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cognitive Biasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Ede

Lecorps

Keyserlingk

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…This would be possible if the stimulus event was discrete, such as a short electric shock. The biasing effects of electric shock were examined in this way, using dairy cows, but when the shock was paired with responding on one of two concurrent schedules, responding ceased on that schedule (Whittlestone, Mullord, Kilgour, & Cate, 1975). Given the exclusive responding, the bias due to this stimulus could not be quantified by the generalized matching law (being infinite).…”

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confidence: 99%

Concurrent Schedules: Quantifying the Aversiveness of Noise

McAdie

Foster

Temple

1996

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Four hens worked under independent multiple concurrent variable-interval schedules with an overlaid aversive stimulus (sound of hens in a poultry shed at lOOdBA) activated by the first peck on a key. The sound remained on until a response was made on the other key. The key that activated the sound in each component was varied over a series of conditions. When the sound was activated by the left (or right) key in one component, it was activated by the right (or left) key in the other component. Bias was examined under a range of different variable-interval schedules, and the applicability of the generalized matching law was examined. It was found that the hens' behavior was biased away from the sound independently of the schedule in effect and that this bias could be quantified using a modified version of the generalized matching law. Behavior during the changeover delays was not affected by the presence of the noise or by changes in reinforcement rate, even though the total response measures were. Insensitivity shown during the delay suggests that behavior after the changeover delay may be more appropriate as a measure of preference (or aversiveness) of stimuli than are overall behavior measures.Key words: concurrent variable-interval schedules, generalized matching law, aversive sounds, behavior during and after changeover delay, key peck, hen Studies of concurrent schedules of reinforcement have most often been concerned with the effects of variations in the rates of reinforcement. In these situations, the relation between behavior and reinforcement rate is well described by the generalized matching law (Davison & McCarthy, 1988). This relation, when the behavior is measured in terms of responses allocated, is expressed in the following equation: log(P1/P2) = a log(rl/r2) + log c, (1) where PI and P2 refer to the responses made on the two alternatives, r1 and r2 are the number of reinforcements obtained on the two alternatives, and a and c are fitted parameters. Baum (1974, 1979) suggested that a measures the sensitivity of the behavior to changes in reinforcement rate. When a is larger than 1.0 (termed overmatching), proportionally more responses have been allocated to the schedules with the richer reinforcement rates than is predicted by an exact match to reinforcement-rate ratios. When a is less than 1.0 (termed undermatching), proportionally more responses have been allocated to the schedules with the leaner reinforcement rates than is predicted by an exact

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“…The pooled analysis combined results of studies on dairy cows in which an ascending series of 60 Hz current was applied through various body pathways until a behavioral response threshold was observed. These data represent 355 cows, in 15 separate experiments, by 9 research groups (Woolford, 1972;Whittlestone, 1975;Lefcourt, 1982;Norell et al, 1983;Gorewit et al, 1984;Lefcourt et al, 1986;Currence et al, 1990;Reinemann, 1996;Aneshansley et al, 1997;Aneshansley and Gorewit, 1999;Reinemann et al, 1999.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In the threshold evaluation, in which an ascending series of 60 Hz current was applied through various body pathways until a behavioral response threshold was observed, data on 355 dairy cows were pooled across studies (Woolford, 1972;Whittlestone, 1975;Lefcourt, 1982;Norell et al, 1983;Gorewit et al, 1984;Lefcourt et al, 1986;Currence et al, 1990;Reinemann, 1996;Aneshansley et al, 1997;Reinemann et al, 1999Aneshansley and Gorewit, 1999). Because some of these studies were not published in peer-reviewed journals, sensitivity analysis were conducted to assess the effect on results of removing unpublished data.…”

Section: Stray Voltage On Dairy Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of stray voltage on dairy cattle

Erdreich

Alexander

Wagner

et al. 2009

Journal of Dairy Science

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A quantitative assessment of dairy cow responses to contact current (stray voltage) at 50 or 60 Hz was conducted using meta-analysis and pooled analysis methodology. The objective was to more accurately quantify the minimum exposure level (threshold) at which dairy cows respond and to identify sources of heterogeneity among studies. Several medical and agricultural databases were used to locate individual studies for the systematic literature review, from which 22 published studies of stray voltage and behavioral response or milk yield met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis models were constructed to assess the percentage of cows with a behavioral response at documented exposure levels, and the summary relative risk estimate for all exposure pathways combined was calculated for each 1-mA increment from 1.0 through 5.0 mA. The meta-analysis of percentage response showed that cows exhibited statistically significant first behavioral responses at 3.0 mA, response probability increased with exposure levels, and exposure pathways contributed to heterogeneity in the model. The pooled analysis of mean behavioral response threshold was based on experimental studies of ascending series of current exposures on 355 cows. The overall weighted mean for first behavioral response to current was 4.0 mA. Ten of the studies that met the inclusion criteria addressed milk production, but heterogeneity in exposure pathways, patterns, and duration precluded meta-analysis or data pooling. The milk production studies ranged in size from 4 to 48 cows and used switchback or paired design to increase power. A qualitative narrative review of these studies indicated that production was not affected by exposure to contact current at levels of 3 mA or lower for exposures of up to 21 d or 4 wk.

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Electric shocks during machine milking

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Concurrent Schedules: Quantifying the Aversiveness of Noise

Meta-analysis of stray voltage on dairy cattle

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