Electric Stimulation of Optic Nerve Fiber: A Simulation Study

Qiao, Qingli; Zhang, Wei; Vencent, C.L.; Ren, Qiushi

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8387-7_105

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Potassium accumulation and flow in the extracellular space have been shown to have important roles in aging, Alzheimer's disease, anesthesia, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy, migraine, sleep, stroke, and traumatic brain injury, as well as an important role in the biology of the central nervous system. 47,49,50,52,53,55,56,100,101,[343][344][345][346][347][348][349][350][351][352][353][354][355][356][357][358][359][360][361][362] Indeed, Filipidis et al 363 have identified many such systems in biology containing three intercalated sets of tissues, including pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, fetal membranes, and leptomeninges citing the significant references. Each of these tissues likely include intercalated syncytia and thus require multidomain models of the type we have studied.…”

Section: Ion Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural analysis of fluid flow in complex biological systems

Eisenberg

2023

MAIO

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Biology is about structure. Structures within structures. Organs within animals, tissues within organs, cells within tissues, and molecules, often proteins within cells. The structures are so complex that they can only be described by numbers. No numbers are of more importance than those that describe proteins. The numbers that describe coordinates of its atoms, often determined by Patterson functions (which are inverse Fourier Transforms of intensities) of crystal diffraction. Without these numbers, structural biology would hardly exist. Without numbers, engineering would not exist. Numbers are surely needed by the engineers who produce the x-rays diffracting from atoms of protein crystals. Devices of engineering have function. They are built to implement equations. Engineering devices use structures to implement equations, when power is supplied at the right places, that produces appropriate flows. Flows are the essence of life. Equilibrium means death in most living systems. Flows in biological structures are hard to analyze because we do not know input output equations in advance. Sometimes we do not know the function of the structures. Flows, forces, and structures of life (like those of engineering) are related by field equations of conservation laws, partial differential equations, constrained by location and properties of structures. Constraints are boundary conditions located on the complicated domain of biological structure. The hierarchy of structures allows a handful of atoms (in proteins and nucleic acids) to control macroscopic function. Dealing with this complexity is simplified if one systematically analyzes structure using the most general field theory known, electricity described by the Maxwell equations, without significant known error. Currents are involved because flows of biology usually involve migration of charges, convection of water and solutes, diffusion of ions that form the plasma of life, and their interactions. Interactions can dominate function. Here I show how a few complex structures can be understood in engineering detail. This approach may be useful in dealing with biological and medical issues in many other cases. In one limited case—the clearance of a toxic waste (potassium ions) from the optic nerve—this approach seems to have succeeded.

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Section: Ion Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural analysis of fluid flow in complex biological systems

Eisenberg

2023

MAIO

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“…Potassium accumulation is important in many biological and clinical applications. Potassium accumulation and flow in the extracellular space have been shown to have important roles in aging, Alzheimers disease, anesthesia, dementia, diabetes, epilepsy, migraine, sleep, stroke and traumatic brain injury [alphabetical order], as well as an important role in the biology of the central nervous system (47,49,50,52,53,55,56,100,101,(343)(344)(345)(346)(347)(348)(349)(350)(351)(352)(353)(354)(355)(356)(357)(358)(359)(360)(361)(362). Indeed, Filipidis et al (363) have identified many such systems in biology containing three intercalated sets of tissues, including pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, fetal membranes and leptomeninges citing the significant references [261-290(364-393).…”

Section: Ion Transport We Define the Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Analysis of Fluid Flow in Complex Biological Systems

Eisenberg¹

2022

Preprint

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Biology is about structure. Structures within structures. Organs within animals, tissues within organs, cells within tissues, and molecules, often proteins within cells. The structures are so complex that they can only be described by numbers. No numbers are of more importance than those that describe proteins. The numbers that describe coordinates of its atoms, often determined by Patterson functions (which are inverse Fourier Transforms of intensities) of crystal diffraction. Without these numbers, structural biology would hardly exist. Without numbers, engineering would not exist. Numbers are surely needed by the engineers who produce the x-rays diffracting from atoms of protein crystals. Devices of engineering have function. They are built to implement equations. Engineering devices use structures to implement equations, when power is supplied at the right places, that produces appropriate flows. Flows are the essence of life. Equilibrium means death in most living systems. Flows in biological structures are hard to analyze because we do not know input output equations in advance. Sometimes we do not know their function. Flows, forces, and structures of life (like those of engineering) are related by field equations of conservation laws, partial differential equations, constrained by location and properties of structures. Constraints are boundary conditions located on the complicated domain of biological structure. Dealing with this complexity is simplified if one systematically analyzes structure using the most general field theory known, electricity described by the Maxwell equations, without significant known error. Currents are involved because flows of biology usually involve migration of charges, convection of water and solutes, diffusion of ions that form the plasma of life, and their interactions. Interactions can dominate function. Here I show how a few complex structures can be understood in engineering detail. This approach may be useful in dealing with biological and medical issues in many other cases. In one limited case—the clearance of a toxic waste (potassium ions) from the optic nerve—this approach seems to have succeeded.

show abstract

Structural Analysis of Fluid Flow in Complex Biological Systems

Eisenberg

2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biology is about structure. Structures within structures. Organs within animals, tissues within organs, cells within tissues, and molecules, often proteins within cells. The structures are so complex that they can only be described by numbers. No numbers are of more importance than those that describe proteins. The numbers that describe coordinates of its atoms, often determined by Patterson functions (which are inverse Fourier Transforms of intensities) of crystal diffraction. Without these numbers, structural biology would hardly exist. Without numbers, engineering would not exist. Numbers are surely needed by the engineers who produce the x-rays diffracting from atoms of protein crystals. Devices of engineering have function. They are built to implement equations. Engineering devices use structures to implement equations, when power is supplied at the right places, that produces appropriate flows. Flows are the essence of life. Equilibrium means death in most living systems. Flows in biological structures are hard to analyze because we do not know input output equations in advance. Sometimes we do not know their function. Flows, forces, and structures of life (like those of engineering) are related by field equations of conservation laws, partial differential equations, constrained by location and properties of structures. Constraints are boundary conditions located on the complicated domain of biological structure. Dealing with this complexity is simplified if one systematically analyzes structure using the most general field theory known, electricity described by the Maxwell equations, without significant known error. Currents are involved because flows of biology usually involve migration of charges, convection of water and solutes, diffusion of ions that form the plasma of life, and their interactions. Interactions can dominate function. Here I show how a few complex structures can be understood in engineering detail. This approach may be useful in dealing with biological and medical issues in many other cases. In one limited case—the clearance of a toxic waste (potassium ions) from the optic nerve—this approach seems to have succeeded.

show abstract

Electric Stimulation of Optic Nerve Fiber: A Simulation Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Structural analysis of fluid flow in complex biological systems

Structural analysis of fluid flow in complex biological systems

Structural Analysis of Fluid Flow in Complex Biological Systems

Structural Analysis of Fluid Flow in Complex Biological Systems

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