Electric vehicle batteries for a circular economy: Second life batteries as residential stationary storage

Thakur, Jagruti; Almeida, Constança Martins Leite de; Baskar, Ashish Guhan

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134066

Cited by 38 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The end-of-life strategies (see Figure 2) are particularly relevant here as many batteries will be retired in the coming years due to battery degradation. These no longer meet customer requirements in terms of performance and capacity [59]. A state of health (SoH) of 70 to 80% is usually specified as the end of initial use in the BEV [61].…”

Section: B2u Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the significantly lower load in stationary use compared to use in BEVs, a large number of stationary applications are generally suitable [69]. A distinction must be made between use as home storage to optimize self-consumption, commercial storage, e.g., for peak shaving, and grid storage, e.g., for primary control power [59,70]. The end of secondary use results from the degradation process of lithium-ion batteries (see Figure 3) [71].…”

Section: B2u Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Business Models and Ecosystems in the Circular Economy Using the Example of Battery Second Use Storage Systems

Meyer,

Schaupensteiner,

Riquel

2024

Sustainability

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The battery electric drive is an important component of sustainable mobility. However, this is associated with energy-intensive battery production and high demand for raw materials. The circular economy can be used to overcome these barriers. In particular, the secondary use of batteries in stationary energy storage systems (B2U storage systems) has been proposed for the circularity of electromobility. To implement such systems, a circular business model and a cross-industry ecosystem are required. However, the meaning, scope, and structure of these concepts have received little research to date. To close this gap, a theoretical construct for a circular business model based on the theory of business model, sustainability, circular economy, and ecosystem must be developed. On this basis, 16 expert interviews were conducted and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Numerous challenges resulted from the analysis. The willingness to pay for B2U storage systems is limited, the availability of second-life batteries is restricted, and dismantling as well as testing the batteries is time-consuming. Product-service systems help to increase the willingness to pay and expand the value proposition and value capture, digital technologies realize cost-efficient value creation, and an effective ecosystem enables the expansion of battery procurement.

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Section: B2u Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B2u Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Business Models and Ecosystems in the Circular Economy Using the Example of Battery Second Use Storage Systems

Meyer,

Schaupensteiner,

Riquel

2024

Sustainability

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“…The article [276] performed a techno-economical assessment of second-life EV batteries as a backup power to recover wind farms. The research work in [277] proposed deploying the second life of the EV battery as stationary energy storage in a residential building under six scenarios in the presence of demand-side management and self-consumption maximization of the PV system. The scholars in [278] developed a mixed ESS as a backup resource, including grid-connected vehicles and second-life batteries to replace the traditional ESS for forced outages and short-notice maintenance.…”

Section: Power Systems' Resilience Enhancement Via V2gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power System Resilience: The Role of Electric Vehicles and Social Disparities in Mitigating the US Power Outages

Loni,

Asadi

2024

Smart Grids and Energy

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Electrical power systems with their components such as generation, network, control and transmission equipment, management systems, and electrical loads are the backbone of modern life. Historical power outages caused by natural disasters or human failures show huge losses to the economy, environment, healthcare, and people’s lives. This paper presents a systematic review on three interconnected dimensions of (1) electric power system resilience (2) the electricity supply for/through Electric Vehicles (EVs), and (3) social vulnerability to power outages. This paper contributes to the existing literature and research by highlighting the importance of considering social vulnerability in the context of power system resilience and EVs, providing insights into addressing inequities in access to backup power resources during power outages. This paper first reviews power system resilience focusing on qualitative and quantitative metrics, evaluation methods, and planning and operation-based enhancement strategies for electric power systems during prolonged outages through microgrids, energy storage systems (e.g., battery, power-to-gas, and hydrogen energy storage systems), renewable energy sources, and demand response schemes. In addition, this study contributes to in-depth examination of the evolving role of EVs, as a backup power supply, in enhancing power system resilience by exploring the EV applications such as vehicle-to-home/building, grid-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-vehicle or the utilization of second life of EV batteries. Transportation electrification has escalated the interdependency of power and transportation sectors, posing challenges during prolonged power outages. Therefore, in the next part, the resilient strategies for providing electricity supply and charging services for EVs are discussed such as deployments of battery swapping technology and mobile battery trucks (MBTs), as well as designing sustainable off-grid charging stations. It offers insights into innovative solutions for ensuring continuous electricity supply for EVs during outages. In the section on social vulnerability to power outages, this paper first reviews the most socioeconomic and demographic indicators involved in the quantification of social vulnerability to power outages. Afterward, the association between energy equity on social vulnerability to power outages is discussed such as inequity in backup power resources and power recovery and restoration. The study examines the existing challenges and research gaps related to the power system resilience, the electric power supply for/through EVs, social vulnerability, and inequity access to resources during extended power outages and proposes potential research directions to address these gaps and build upon future studies.

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“…At the same time, increased interest has been recently demonstrated in retired EV batteries and their reuse for stationary storage applications, with a focus on the residential sector [3,4]. To that end, similar second-life EV batteries can make up for the increased capital costs otherwise introduced by the procurement of a new battery component, especially for RES-based configurations requiring the coverage of a high degree of energy autonomy, at the expense, however, of the batteries' anticipated life expectancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Impact of Cycling Aging on the Long-Term Performance of RES-Driven, Second-Life EV Battery Storage Configurations in Residential-Scale Applications

Kaldellis,

Christopoulos,

Triantafyllopoulos

et al. 2023

16th International Conference on Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics—COMECAP 2023

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Electric vehicle batteries for a circular economy: Second life batteries as residential stationary storage

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

Business Models and Ecosystems in the Circular Economy Using the Example of Battery Second Use Storage Systems

Business Models and Ecosystems in the Circular Economy Using the Example of Battery Second Use Storage Systems

Power System Resilience: The Role of Electric Vehicles and Social Disparities in Mitigating the US Power Outages

Investigating the Impact of Cycling Aging on the Long-Term Performance of RES-Driven, Second-Life EV Battery Storage Configurations in Residential-Scale Applications

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