“…According to previous studies, a variety of factors affect energy consumption, including travel-related factors [4,5], environment-related factors [6][7][8][9], vehicle-related factors [10][11][12][13][14], roadway-related factors [15], traffic-related factors [16][17][18], driver-related factors [3,[19][20][21][22], the health and degradation condition of the battery [23][24][25][26], the efficiency of braking energy recovery [27][28][29][30][31], and the charge and discharge character of the battery [32]. Some previous studies collected the information through driving-cycle experiments in the lab [4,24] and Global Positioning System (GPS) observations in the real world [32][33][34], but some results showed the significant difference between experiments and real-world conditions [35,36], leading to a relative low accuracy and poor practicality of models.…”