Electric vehicles in imperfect electricity markets: The case of Germany

Abstract

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Power system impacts of electric vehicles in Germany: Charging with coal or renewables?

“…This assumption may be justified for the wholesale market, as wholesale price differences likely do not suffice to make V2G economically viable with respect to battery degradation costs (Schill 2011, Loisel et al 2014. The provision of reserves and other ancillary services by V2G, however, appears to be more promising (Andersson et al 2010, Sioshansi and Denholm 2010, Lopes et al 2011.…”

“…First, the unit commitment approach used here is particularly suitable for studying the interactions of EVs with fluctuating renewables. It considers the limited flexibility of thermal power generators and is thus more suitable to capture the potential flexibility benefits of EVs compared to linear dispatch models (e.g., Lund and Kempton 2008, Ekman 2011, Schill 2011, Loisel et al 2014. Next, the hourly patterns of electric vehicle power demand and charging availabilities used here are considerably more sophisticated than in some of the aforementioned studies (e.g., Ekman 2011, Foley et al 2013).…”

“…Using an agent-based model, Dallinger et al (2013) find that smart EV charging can facilitate the integration of intermittent renewables both in California and Germany by 2030. Schill (2011) analyzes the impacts of PHEV fleets in an imperfectly competitive power market with a Cournot model and finds that both welfare and emission impacts depend on the agents being responsible for charging the vehicles, and on the availability of V2G. Doucette (2011) notes that the CO 2 mitigation potential of EVs is highly dependent on the existing power plant portfolio and concludes that additional decarbonization efforts might be needed to obtain CO 2 emission reductions.…”

Exploring consumer attitudes and public opinions on battery electric vehicles

“…3 Various EV applications based on driving scenarios have been examined in several countries and regions. [12][13][14][15] Economic and environmental aspects associated with EVs were found to be the main reasons motivating people to purchase an EV. 14 Research on how the EVs are used, such as the frequency, distance, and purpose in daily use, with families owning several types of vehicles, has indicated that consumer willingness to find alternative modes of transportation is a major constraint.…”

Electric Vehicle Storage Management in Operating Reserve Auctions

“…A similar setting was also researched by Vytelingum et al [20] who find a utility bill reduction of 14% for households that use a battery exposed to dynamic pricing at the energy wholesale market. Other studies that consider electric vehicles estimate the annual profits per vehicle to be $10-120 [12], $176-203 [17], and $415-826 [15]. However, none of these studies use data from electric vehicles or take uncertainty about driving behavior into account.…”