Electric Vehicles Optimism versus the Energy Market Reality

Abstract

The promotion of new electric and hybrid vehicles is a worldwide strategy to reduce carbon emissions for a clean future environment in many countries. In Europe, development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry is a strategic direction of multiple car-producing companies, institutes, and governments, but how sustainable it is to shift fully to electric has yet to be seen. By making use of the statistic reports from the European Union, scientific literature, and mathematical calculation, the author wants to examine if what politicians see will be a matter of reality in the near future. It will be proved that, if all private transport become electric, energy consumption will increase to such a level that is impossible to be satisfied by the actual energy producing companies. While the EV industry is seen as an important step towards achieving environmental goals, and despite some positive assumptions made by few European Governments (e.g., Norway) according to which electrical cars will replace the fossil fuel ones in private transportation, the actual energy market trends are not able to support the demand for the next several decades. The author will focus on one European country, Romania, to provide it as a case study (Romania is a self-sustainable country with regard to energy production, producing roughly 124% of its needs.).

The Smart Community: Strategy Layers for a New Sustainable Continental Framework

“…Additionally, Candelaresi et al [9] presented an energy analysis combined with a comparative environmental life cycle assessment aiming to help policy-makers implement well-supported strategies of the use of hydrogen in road transport. Moreover, Wang and Tang [10] systematically analysed previously published papers to evaluate the environmental efficiency of new energy vehicles, concluding that electric vehicles pollute more than actually estimated-a conclusion we also reached in one of our previous studies [11].…”

“…Appendix A research must be regarded as a dynamic wireframe of interde-pendent instructions for a period-bound assessment of the efforts employed by continental regulatory bodies, that ultimately results in a framework set on pragmatic foundations for the concepts proposed by this research effort. (4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,27,28,31,35,36,37,38,40,42,43,44,45,46,49 The documents in italic do not mention the research concept specifically; however, they do contain information or discuss actions and strategies related to it. Some of the studied documents (41,47,48, and 61-65) are hardly linked with the research concepts; however, they are important in creating the framework for their development (e.g., funding programs).…”

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of CTAB-rGO-Modified MXene Hybrid Films as Multifunctional Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Evolution Reactions, Supercapacitors, and DMFC Applications

“…). 100 mL of aqueous solution of CTAB (2 mg/mL) and 100 mL of aqueous solution of rGO (1 mg/mL) were vigorously sonicated for 2 h before being rinsed with deionized water till the pH reached a value around neutral (7). At 50 °C, the mixture was dried for 6 h. 20 mL of aqueous Ti 3 C 2 T x (1 mg/mL) was combined with CTAB-rGO in an ethylene glycol dispersion in the ratio of 1:1.…”

“…The world’s current energy crisis is caused by the never-ceasing depletion of the oil resources and the deterioration of the ecological environment primarily due to carbon dioxide-emitting fossil fuels and has encouraged scientists to research green energy and renewable sources. − Numerous businesses have shifted focus on the automotive market to lessen the world’s reliance on petroleum resources, including big names like Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Tesla, to emphasize the usage of hybrid materials for fuel cells and electric motors using green energy. , Issues concerning global warming, pollution, and a suitable energy alternative that could replace non-renewable energy and equip the ever-growing population have resulted in more attention being placed on electrochemical energy applications like supercapacitors, − fuel cells, , and electrochemical water splitting, , thanks to their environmental friendliness, good cyclic stability, and high power density. The high power density of the supercapacitors and the minimal operating temperatures of the fuel cells like the proton exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline electrolyzers, and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) could effectively produce clean and green energy .…”

Industrial Recycling Process of Batteries for EVs

“…As shown in Fig. 1, the EV batteries that will be phased out in 2030 will reach 100-120 Giga-Watt-Hour (GW•h), and their capacity is roughly equivalent to the current annual battery output [3]. Lithium-ion batteries usually contain high-risk substances such as Ni, Co, and phosphide.…”