“…However, these meteorite-based estimates have two major drawbacks (Filiberto et al, 2019): (1) the water content derived from one or a few meteorite samples may only represent their source regions instead of the average mantle; and (2) several secondary processes, including shock, magmatic degassing upon cooling, and terrestrial contamination may have altered the original water contents of these meteorites. Alternatively, as observational constraints on Martian mantle structure continue to improve (e.g., Mocquet and Menvielle, 2000;Civet and Tarits, 2014;Johnson et al, 2020;Breuer, 2021, Stähler et al, 2021), the mantle water content may be constrained by geophysical observables such as seismic velocities and attenuation and electrical conductivity in the future (Verhoeven and Vacher, 2016;Ruedas and Breuer, 2021).…”