Electrical Characteristics of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermoelectric Generator System

Abstract

The electrical performance evolution of a system combining photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TE) is evaluated using thermal resistance calculations. The hybrid system combines a commercial monocrystalline silicon PV and a commercial bismuth telluride TE that is integrated with heat sinks. Here, photovoltaic modules could be cooled using thermoelectric components, leading to an increase in its output power. Additionally, extra thermal electricity is generated from the temperature difference between the backside of photovoltaic modules and heat sinks. Compared with the PV, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the PV/TE integrated system is increased by 3.9 % and the total system efficiency is up to 5.9 %.

A review of Mn-containing oxide catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3: reaction mechanism and catalyst deactivation

“…The adsorbed NO is oxidized by the high valency state Mn n+ cations, (e.g., Mn 4+ ) on the catalysts' surface to form adsorbed monodentate nitrite (Mn (nÀ1)+ -O-NO) and the very metal cations are reduced as Mn (nÀ1)+ [eqn (5)]. Furthermore, Mn (nÀ1)+ -O-NO reacts with adsorbed NH 3 species to form Mn (nÀ1)+ -O-NO-NH 3 , which decomposes subsequently to N 2 and water (H 2 O) [eqn (6)]. Then, the reduced Mn (nÀ1)+ ions are regenerated by gaseous O 2 [eqn (7)].…”

“…The technologies used to control NO x emission can be categorized as combustion controls and post-combustion controls. 5,6 Combustion controls, which aim to control the production of NO x , include low NO x burners, 7 air graded burning and staged fuel combustion. 8 Post-combustion controls aim to decrease the NO x produced by reducing active N to xed nitrogen gas (N 2 ).…”

“…To date, advances in low temperature NH 3 -SCR of NO x have been reviewed. 5,6,42 A review by Li et al 43 summarized the use of metal oxides and zeolite catalysts and focused on the catalysts' components, preparation process and catalytic performance, however, the reaction mechanisms were not claried clearly. A recent review in 2016 by Liu et al 44 summarized the use of MnO x -based catalysts and concentrated on the technological processes and improvement methods, however, little effort was made to summarize the reaction mechanisms and catalyst deactivation processes.…”

Effect of the calcination temperature of cerium–zirconium mixed oxides on the structure and catalytic performance of WO3/CeZrO2 monolithic catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

“…The technique of selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH 3 (NH 3 -SCR) is the most widely and efficiently employed to control NO x emitted from the coal-red power plants and the diesel engines, and V 2 O 5 -WO 3 / TiO 2 is currently the most commercially used NH 3 -SCR catalyst in the industry. [1][2][3] However, some disadvantages still exist in this catalyst system, such as poor thermal stability, narrow operating temperature window, the unselective oxidation of NH 3 , which produces the ozone-depleting, greenhouse gas, N 2 O, at high temperatures, and sublimated V 2 O 5 generates biological toxicity in the environment. 2,4 In order to overcome the above problems and meet the EURO VI standard, it is greatly signicant to develop novel eco-friendly NH 3 -SCR catalysts with outstanding low-temperature deNO x conversion, wide operation temperature window and high N 2 selectivity.…”

A review on the performance of photovoltaic/thermoelectric hybrid generators

“…The conversion efficiency of the cell in terms of reference efficiency is given by where η Tref and ϕ ref are the conversion efficiency and the temperature coefficient of the PV at standard test condition (STC), respectively. To determine the performance and losses of PV system in Equation , the temperature distribution across the layer is expressed as energy balance in the form of conductive heat transfer.…”