Electrical characteristics of lead iodide crystal devices on flexible substrate under mechanical tensile strain

Sun, Hui; Zhu, Xinghua; Yang, Dingyu; Yang, Jun; Gao, Xiuying; Li, Xu

doi:10.1002/pssa.201330319

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Each of these PbI 2 layers interacts weakly with adjacent layers, giving rise to different stacking patterns, and thus leading to various polytypes in single crystals. PbI 2 single crystals have commonly been fabricated by the Bridgeman-based technique, vapor growth, and the hot wall technique [1,9,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18], while polycrystalline thin films are formed by vacuum evaporation or the spin/spray coating of PbI 2 solutions [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Among these techniques, the deposition of PbI 2 polycrystalline layers from a solution is very simple, reliable, and economical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the PbBr2:PbI2 Molar Ratio on the Formation of Lead Halide Thin Films, and the Ratio’s Application for High Performance and Wide Bandgap Solar Cells

et al. 2022

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We investigate the effects of the molar ratio (x) of PbBr2 on the phases, microstructure, surface morphology, optical properties, and structural defects of mixed lead halides PbI2(1−x)Br2x for use in solar cell devices. Results indicate that as x increased to 0.3, the surface morphology continued to improve, accompanied by the growth of PbI2 grains. This resulted in lead halide films with a very smooth and continuous morphology, including large grains when the film was formed at x = 0.3. In addition, the microstructure changed from (001)-oriented pure PbI2 to a highly (001)-oriented β (PbI2-rich) phase. The plausible mechanism for the enhanced morphology of the lead halide films by the addition of PbBr2 is proposed based on the growth of a Br-saturated lead iodide solid solution. Furthermore, iodine vacancies, identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, decreased as the ratio of PbBr2 increased. Finally, an electrical analysis of the solar cells was performed by using a PN heterojunction model, revealing that structural defects, such as iodine vacancies and grain boundaries, are the main contributors to the degradation of the performance of pure PbI2-based solar cells (including high leakage, low stability, and high hysteresis), which was significantly improved by the addition of PbBr2. The solar cell fabricated at x = 0.3 in air showed excellent stability and performance. The device lost merely 20% of the initial efficiency of 4.11% after 1500 h without encapsulation. This may be due to the dense microstructure and the reduced structural defects of lead halides formed at x = 0.3.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the PbBr2:PbI2 Molar Ratio on the Formation of Lead Halide Thin Films, and the Ratio’s Application for High Performance and Wide Bandgap Solar Cells

et al. 2022

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“…The crystal quality is mainly responsible for this result. Actually, the wrinkles will also be introduced during the crystal cleavage besides the dislocations . But the wrinkles could be smoothed with the bending operation, decreasing the scattering of charge carrier and improving the electric performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PbI 2 crystals were grown from the melt by using a horizontally slow solidification method . Commercial PbI 2 powder (99%, Sigma Aldrich) was charged in a cleaned quartz ampoule, then sealed at 3.2 × 10 –4 Pa and mounted into an elevated‐temperature (723 K) horizontal tube furnace for 12 hours.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then the devices were assembled on 0.15 mm thick Kapton ® polyimide (PI) substrates and encapsulated with transparent Dow Corning Slygard 184 elastic silicone rubber. The bending tests of the detectors were carried out by using a mechanical fixture . The lattice parameters of the strained samples were obtained by X‐ray diffraction (Bruker D2, Cu K α radiation, λ = 0.154 nm, 0.02°/step) measurements combining MDI Jade analysis software.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, a few researchers have presented the PbI 2 nanosheets (or nanowires) as well as ultrathin PbI 2 single crystals for high sensitivity flexible photodetectors or high‐speed photon detection . In our previous work, the electrical and optical properties of the sliced PbI 2 crystal under various uniaxial strains were also studied . Here we present the flexible X‐ray detectors fabricated with the sliced PbI 2 crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible X‐ray detector based on sliced lead iodide crystal

Sun

Zhao

Yang

et al. 2017

Physica Rapid Research Ltrs

Self Cite

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A promising flexible X‐ray detector based on inorganic semiconductor PbI2 crystal is reported. The sliced crystals mechanically cleaved from an as‐grown PbI2 crystal act as the absorber directly converting the impinging X‐ray photons to electron hole pairs. Due to the ductile feature of the PbI2 crystal, the detector can be operated under a highly curved state with the strain on the top surface up to 1.03% and still maintaining effective detection performance. The stable photocurrent and fast response were obtained with the detector repeated bending to a strain of 1.03% for 100 cycles. This work presents an approach for developing efficient and cost‐effective PbI2‐based flexible X‐ray detector. Photocurrent responses of the flexible PbI2 X‐ray detector with the strain on the top surface up to 1.03% proposed in this work with the cross sectional structure and curved detector photograph as insets. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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Structural, Optical, and Chemical Characteristics of High‐Quality PbI₂ Thin Films via Chemical Solution Deposition with Thermal Annealing

Solis-Mosquera,

Cabrera-German,

Santacruz-Ortega

et al. 2023

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Lead iodide (PbI 2 ) thin films are interesting semiconductor materials arranged in quasi 2D layers, [1] that have an optical bandgap near the ultraviolet (E g = 2.4 eV) spectrum and are composed of atoms with a high atomic mass. [2,3] These characteristics of PbI 2 allow its use in diverse applications, [4][5][6][7][8] with a recent interest in large-area visible, X-ray, and γ-ray radiation detectors. [2,9] Additionally, PbI 2 thin films are excellent precursors in the chemical synthesis of lead halide perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPI) thin films, [10][11][12] which are photovoltaic materials of great importance. However, whether PbI 2 can be used as a high-performance optoelectronic material or efficient chemical precursor, strongly depends on achieving favorable structural properties. [3,[12][13][14] Moreover, the understanding of how the different deposition conditions affect the multiple stacking conformations that the compact PbI 2 layers take [15] is challenging. Different structural configurations known as polytypes [16] can be achieved but are difficult to reproduce, [3] and can lead to diverse microstructures, [17][18][19] that in turn produce varying optical and electrical properties.Different polytypes can be obtained according to the annealing conditions [20] and the implemented synthesis methodology. [21] Diverse previous studies have reported the synthesis of PbI 2 employing thermal evaporation, physical vapor deposition, laser ablation, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis, and spin-coating with favorable crystalline properties. [12][13][14]22,23] The literature shows that the most common polytype is the 2H, albeit the 4H and 12R polytypes have been reported [24,25] at annealing treatments of 150 and 170 °C, respectively. Achieving the 4H and 12R polytypes may improve the optoelectronic properties in large-area radiation sensors, as well as favoring the quality and stability of perovskite thin films. Thus, the use of PbI 2 thin films in such purposes requires the examination of the structural properties at specified synthesis parameters.Therefore, in this work, we explore the synthesis of PbI 2 thin films via chemical bath deposition (CBD), a technique that has not been extensively studied for the deposition of PbI 2 thin films, only few reports exist in the literature. [3,26] CBD, when done correctly, enables the deposition of uniform, homogeneous, and large-area thin films that are strongly adhered to almost any kind of substrate. This technique does not require complex infrastructure, ergo it is low cost and easy to implement, and has been proven successful for the synthesis of numerous metal iodide thin films. [27][28][29][30] However, achieving good-quality films is complicated, because it requires fine tuning of the chemical formulation (reaction solution), as shown by the work of Kariper [3] where the structure and optical properties of the PbI 2 thin films are significantly influenced by the pH of the reaction solution.

show abstract

Electrical characteristics of lead iodide crystal devices on flexible substrate under mechanical tensile strain

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of the PbBr2:PbI2 Molar Ratio on the Formation of Lead Halide Thin Films, and the Ratio’s Application for High Performance and Wide Bandgap Solar Cells

Effects of the PbBr2:PbI2 Molar Ratio on the Formation of Lead Halide Thin Films, and the Ratio’s Application for High Performance and Wide Bandgap Solar Cells

Flexible X‐ray detector based on sliced lead iodide crystal

Structural, Optical, and Chemical Characteristics of High‐Quality PbI₂ Thin Films via Chemical Solution Deposition with Thermal Annealing

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Electrical characteristics of lead iodide crystal devices on flexible substrate under mechanical tensile strain

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of the PbBr2:PbI2 Molar Ratio on the Formation of Lead Halide Thin Films, and the Ratio’s Application for High Performance and Wide Bandgap Solar Cells

Effects of the PbBr2:PbI2 Molar Ratio on the Formation of Lead Halide Thin Films, and the Ratio’s Application for High Performance and Wide Bandgap Solar Cells

Flexible X‐ray detector based on sliced lead iodide crystal

Structural, Optical, and Chemical Characteristics of High‐Quality PbI2 Thin Films via Chemical Solution Deposition with Thermal Annealing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Structural, Optical, and Chemical Characteristics of High‐Quality PbI₂ Thin Films via Chemical Solution Deposition with Thermal Annealing