Electrical Conductance and Density of Molten Salt Systems: KCl–LiCl, KCl–NaCl and KCl–KI

Artsdalen, E. R. Van; Yaffe, I. S.

doi:10.1021/j150524a007

Cited by 311 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…As indicated above, the activation energy of the conductivity changes with the temperature in every individual mixture, validating the early statement made by Yaffe and van Artsdalen [21,22] of a correlation with structural changes in melts.…”

Section: Electrical Conductivitysupporting

confidence: 85%

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr₃-KBr

Rycerz

Ingier-Stocka

Gadžurić

et al. 2007

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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This paper continues our research program on lanthanide halide-alkali metal halide systems. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the phase equilibria of the CeBr 3 -KBr system. This system is characterized by the two congruently melting compounds K 3 CeBr 6 and K 2 CeBr 5 and the three eutectics located at the CeBr 3 mole fractions 0.193 (837 K), 0.295 (855 K) and 0.555 (766 K). K 3 CeBr 6 forms at 775 K and melts congruently at 879 K with the related enthalpies 54.5 and 41.7 kJ mol −1 , respectively. K 2 CeBr 5 melts congruently at 874 K with the enthalpy 82.4 kJ mol −1 . The electrical conductivity was measured of all CeBr 3 -KBr mixtures and of the pure components down to temperatures below solidification. The experimental determinations were conducted over the entire composition range in steps of about 10 mol%. The specific electrical conductivity decrease with increasing CeBr 3 concentration, with significantly larger conductivity changes in the potassium bromide-rich region. The results are discussed in terms of possible complex formation.

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Section: Electrical Conductivitysupporting

confidence: 85%

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr₃-KBr

Rycerz

Ingier-Stocka

Gadžurić

et al. 2007

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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“…Figure 2 shows the percent departure of the present data from the recommended data reported by Janz et al in the NBS circular 4 . We note here that the percent difference is calculated as: our value -recommended value As seen in the figure, our data for LiCl are by 2 -3% higher than the recommended data which are based on the combined values of Van Artsdalen and Yaffe 5 and Edwards et alias 6 . However, the temperature dependence is similar in both cases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The minimal deviation is of -0.02% and the maximal one of -0.46%. A survey 9 of the studies carried out prior to the present one indicates a total of twenty investigations 5 In concluding, we consider that taking into account the satisfactory precision of usual resistance bridges, the scattering of the published data accuses either the purity of the salts or the type of conductance cell employed. Thus, the parasitic conductance encountered when dealing with dipping silica capillary cells immersed in melts consisting of small cations (as Na + and Li + ) was already discussed 31 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Electrical Conductance of Single Molten Lithium Halides

Zuca¹,

Olteanu²

1976

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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The specific conductivities and densities of molten LiCl, LiBr and Lil have been investigated as a function of temperature. A comparison between the data in literature and the present data has been made and the reliability of the different data is discussed.The electrical conductance is perhaps the most extensively studied property of molten salts. Nevertheless, for many salts there is a large scatter of the published data and for others the experimental data are scarce. Both these are true for the lithium halides.We therefore have reinvestigated their electrical conductances and also their densities. Experimental Apparatus.The resistance measurements were carried out with a Wayne-Kerr autobalance precision bridge, model B 331, with a precision of ±0.01%, at a fixed frequency of 1592 Hz (the internal operating frequency of the bridge). The influence of the frequency on the measured resistance was investigated in a separate set of experiments when the bridge was adjusted to operate with an external signal generator up to 20 kHz. The observed variations in resistance were within experimental errors for all studied cases.

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“…86,126 This report explicitly stated that the diffusivity of the melt in the porous uranium metal was found to be exceedingly high at 9.7 × 10 −4 cm 2 /s, and suggested that the concentration of lithium in the salt might have been significantly greater than the solubility limit implied. Subsequent modeling of the electrolytic reduction process, also conducted by INL, reported an effective diffusion coefficient considerably closer to analogous systems by employing a higher concentration of lithium in the salt, citing the solubility limit as 0.0058 g/cm 3 (∼2.3 .…”

Section: Before Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Metallic Lithium and the Reduction of Actinide Oxides

Merwin

Williamson

Willit

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Extensive research and process development has been conducted on the electrolytic reduction of actinide oxides in molten LiCl-Li 2 O. It is now accepted that the reduction of these metal oxides occurs via two separate reduction mechanisms: direct electro-chemical reduction and mediated chemical reduction by metallic lithium. The deposition of metallic lithium at the cathode (mediated chemical reduction mechanism) during the process is known to be essential in order to achieve high process throughputs and reduction yields, and yet a knowledge gap exists regarding the nature of metallic lithium in this system. This review summarizes the formation of lithium during the process and its dispersion into the molten salt electrolyte. Previously reported aspects of the physical chemistry of the LiCl-Li 2 O-Li system are presented with a specific focus on the dispersion of Li in the solution. Finally, issues regarding the effect of the presence of lithium on the electrolytic reduction process are discussed. Evidence shows that electrochemically generated metallic lithium is likely a significant source of experimental uncertainty, low current efficiency and Li 2 O consumption in the oxide reduction process. The reduction of uranium, plutonium and minor actinide oxides to a metallic form is an important nuclear fuel cycle process.2-9 The ability of metallic lithium to reduce various uranium oxides, importantly UO 2 and U 3 O 8 , has been known for many years.10 A molten salt metalothermic reduction process employing metallic lithium (Li) as a reductant dissolved in molten LiCl was first developed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to consolidate a variety of forms of actinide oxides for integration into a single electrometallurgical reprocessing system. 11-13 An electrolytic process, often referred to as electro-deoxidation or simply oxide reduction, was subsequently developed as a more controllable method of reducing metal oxides. A feasibility study conducted by Poa et al. demonstrated that oxides of uranium and plutonium could be reduced electrochemically in molten salts as long as the reduction potential of the metal oxide in question was more noble than the cation of the electrolyte.14,15 This approach was further developed by Gourishankar et al. to better understand processes chemistry and develop the electrolytic cell technology. 13,[16][17][18][19][20] Independent research conducted by Fray, Farthing, and Chen (FFC) applied the principles of electrochemical reduction in molten salt electrolytes to a variety of metal oxide reduction processes. 21,22 The FFC process has been the subject of several literature reviews.23-25 While these review articles address the processes associated with the reduction of nuclear fuel in LiCl, they focus on the electro-deoxidation phenomena and the CaCl 2 -CaO system. Additionally, the process engineering of the electrolytic reduction of nuclear fuel, and experience in incorporating oxide fuel into pyroprocessing, has been the focus of a recent review article. 26 The current review wi...

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Electrical Conductance and Density of Molten Salt Systems: KCl–LiCl, KCl–NaCl and KCl–KI

Cited by 311 publications

References 3 publications

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr₃-KBr

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr₃-KBr

Electrical Conductance of Single Molten Lithium Halides

Review—Metallic Lithium and the Reduction of Actinide Oxides

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Electrical Conductance and Density of Molten Salt Systems: KCl–LiCl, KCl–NaCl and KCl–KI

Cited by 311 publications

References 3 publications

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr3-KBr

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr3-KBr

Electrical Conductance of Single Molten Lithium Halides

Review—Metallic Lithium and the Reduction of Actinide Oxides

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr₃-KBr

Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of CeBr₃-KBr