Electrical Conductivity of Lithium Chloride, Lithium Bromide, and Lithium Iodide Electrolytes in Methanol, Water, and Their Binary Mixtures

Wu, Xi; Gong, Ying; Xu, Shiming; Yan, Ziteng; Zhang, Xinjie; Yang, Shuaishuai

doi:10.1021/acs.jced.9b00405

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…For a LiCl concentration of 14 wt%, specific electricity consumption was between 12% and 20% lower compared to 34 wt% LiCl. This can be attributed to a decrease in electrolytic conductivity in concentrated aqueous LiCl solutions greater than 7 mol∙kg −1 [ 63 ] (approximately 23 wt%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

et al. 2021

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The objective of this work was to evaluate obtaining LiOH directly from brines with high LiCl concentrations using bipolar membrane electrodialysis by the analysis of Li+ ion transport phenomena. For this purpose, Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM bipolar membranes were characterized by linear sweep voltammetry, and the Li+ transport number in cation-exchange membranes was determined. In addition, a laboratory-scale reactor was designed, constructed, and tested to develop experimental LiOH production tests. The selected LiCl concentration range, based on productive process concentrations for Salar de Atacama (Chile), was between 14 and 34 wt%. Concentration and current density effects on LiOH production, current efficiency, and specific electricity consumption were evaluated. The highest current efficiency obtained was 0.77 at initial concentrations of LiOH 0.5 wt% and LiCl 14 wt%. On the other hand, a concentrated LiOH solution (between 3.34 wt% and 4.35 wt%, with a solution purity between 96.0% and 95.4%, respectively) was obtained. The results of this work show the feasibility of LiOH production from concentrated brines by means of bipolar membrane electrodialysis, bringing the implementation of this technology closer to LiOH production on a larger scale. Moreover, being an electrochemical process, this could be driven by Solar PV, taking advantage of the high solar radiation conditions in the Atacama Desert in Chile.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

et al. 2021

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“…Summary of the number of data points and concentration range in the created database for 126 different electrolytes (numbers show the number of data points, and the color map shows the maximum concentration at 25 °C in mol/L). − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AAD% of DHOLL, DHOEE, DHOSiS, MSA, MSA-Simple, and QV models in low concentration, medium concertation, and high concentration for (a) MCl, (b) MCl 2 , (c) MCl 3 , (d) MSO 4 , (e) M(ClO 4 ) 2 , and (f) MNO 3 aqueous solutions at 25 °C (M shows the corresponding cation with different valence type). − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Models for the Prediction of the Electrical Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions

Boroujeni

Maribo-Mogensen²,

Kontogeorgis

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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It has been almost one century since Onsager developed the limiting law of equivalent conductivity of electrolyte solutions. Thenceforth, many models have been developed; however, they have not been assessed thoroughly and systematically. This paper comprehensively investigates the accuracy and reliability of six equivalent conductivity models, namely, the Debye–Hückel–Onsager limiting law (DHOLL), extended law (DHOEE), smaller ion shell (DHOSiS), along with the simplified and full mean spherical approximation (MSA, MSA-Simple), and Quint–Viallard (QV). To this aim, we have prepared a database of experimental data for 126 electrolytes. The accuracy of the models is examined with the help of graphical methods and error analysis over a wide range of concentrations ([0, 18] mol/L) and temperatures ([0, 100] °C). Moreover, the origin of possible errors of models is inspected with a term-by-term analysis of relaxation and electrophoretic effects. It is shown that the absolute average deviation of models depends highly on the electrolyte type, and it is generally smaller for 1:1 salts, especially at low concentrations (less than 5%). The error evolution with concentration also reveals that MSA-Simple and DHOEE are more reliable over a wide range of concentration and electrolyte types. It is concluded that MSA-Simple predicts the equivalent conductivity at lower temperatures and the trend of Λ versus T more satisfactorily than the other models.

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“…It is worth noting that different forms of ion pairs and ion clusters in aqueous solutions affect some of the physical properties of the solution. The conductivity of a solution depends on the concentration of the free ions in the solution and its diffusion coefficient [63]. For example, with increasing of the concentration of NaCl in aqueous solution from very dilute to near saturation, the conductivity of the solution increases non-linearly, and the conductivity increases slowly at higher concentrations [64].…”

Section: Hydration Number In Aqueous Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent shared ion pairs and direct contacted ion pairs in LiCl aqueous solution by IR ratio spectra

Jin

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The micro-structure and molecular interactions of Li+ salt in aqueous solutions is important in many fields. However, whether the solvent shared ion pairs and the direct contacted ion pairs exist in LiCl aqueous solutions or not, and the details about these ion pairs are still under debate. Here, we proposed a novel IR ratio method. Using this method, the hydration spectra of Cl− in LiCl, NaCl and KCl aqueous solutions were measured from the diluted concentration to the highly concentrated solution. Hydration number of Cl− from the hydration spectra was determined to be ~ 2 in the aqueous LiCl. These data demonstrated that about 3 ~ 4 Li+ replaced some water molecules in the first hydration shell of Cl−. As the concentration of LiCl increased, abnormal increase in the hydration number was observed. This is because the water molecule that bridges Li+ and Cl− in the solvent-sharing ion pair are particularly stable, which was directly proven by the red shift of the hydration spectra of Cl− in the O-H stretching region. All the hydration spectra and hydration numbers not only applied to uncover the solvent shared ion pairs and direct contacted ion pairs in LiCl aqueous solution, but also can be employed to the benchmark of force fields in the molecular dynamics simulations.

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Electrical Conductivity of Lithium Chloride, Lithium Bromide, and Lithium Iodide Electrolytes in Methanol, Water, and Their Binary Mixtures

Cited by 30 publications

References 43 publications

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges

Comparison of Models for the Prediction of the Electrical Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions

Solvent shared ion pairs and direct contacted ion pairs in LiCl aqueous solution by IR ratio spectra

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