Electrical Energy Generation via Reversible Chemical Doping on Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Liu, Albert Tianxiang; Kunai, Yuichiro; Liu, Pingwei; Kaplan, Amir; Cottrill, Anton L.; Smith-Dell, Jamila S.

doi:10.1002/adma.201602305

Cited by 20 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…499 Here, the propagating reaction drives a current through the nanostructured carbon support, offering an energy density which can approach that of lithium ion batteries. 500 Semiconducting SWNTs also offer excellent performance as more conventional thermoelectrics; since the Seebeck coefficient depends on the density of states, tuning the Fermi level to a van Hove singularity, by either chemical or electrochemical doping, can increase performance significantly. 501 The use of hydroxide-and halide-doped SWCNTs counterbalanced by chelated alkali metal ions has been shown to create air-stable n-type thermoelectrics with promising performance 502 (figure of merit, ZT > 0.1).…”

Section: Current and Emerging Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

et al. 2018

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Since the discovery of buckminsterfullerene over 30 years ago, sp 2 -hybridised carbon nanomaterials (including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) have stimulated new science and technology across a huge range of fields. Despite the impressive intrinsic properties, challenges in processing and chemical modification continue to hinder applications. Charged carbon nanomaterials (CCNs), formed via the reduction or oxidation of these carbon nanomaterials, facilitate dissolution, purification, separation, chemical modification, and assembly. This approach provides a compelling alternative to traditional damaging and restrictive liquid phase exfoliation routes. The broad chemistry of CCNs not only provides a versatile and potent means to modify the properties of the parent nanomaterial but also raises interesting scientific issues. This review focuses on the fundamental structural forms: buckminsterfullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and single-layer graphene, describing the generation of their respective charged nanocarbon species, their interactions with solvents, chemical reactivity, specific (opto)electronic properties, and emerging applications. CONTENTS

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Section: Current and Emerging Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

et al. 2018

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“…In contrast, the rapid removal of fuel by exothermic chemical reaction propagation resulted in the transient chemical potential gradient as large as ≈5.09 eV. This (−( µ ui – µ i )/ e = 5.09 V) is more than two orders of magnitude greater than the previously observed excess thermopower voltage (<30 mV) . This significant breakthrough in thermopower wave research could be obtained by the right combination of substrate, fuel doping, and 1D substrate geometry.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The µ ui and µ i designate the chemical potential at the unignited and ignited regions of the sample, respectively. However, the experimentally measured maximum excess voltage in thermopower waves, induced by the chemical potential gradient, was smaller than 30 mV, which was similar order compared with the static Seebeck effect . The details of the chemical potential gradient term will be discussed with equations later here.…”

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confidence: 86%

“…The induced electrical potential by thermopower waves has two distinct sources: the Seebeck effect and chemical potential gradient . It is interesting to note that the observed peak voltages (>40 mV) from single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) ropes could not be explained by the Seebeck effect alone .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The drift‐diffusion equation, derived from the Boltzmann transport formula, describes a continuum thermoelectric effect within the relaxation time approximation:

J = - σ (E + \frac{\nabla μ}{e}) - L_{12} \nabla T

where J is the current density, σ is the electrical conductivity, E is the electric field, µ is the chemical potential, e is the elementary charge, L 12 is the Onsager coupling coefficient, and T is the temperature. In case of zero current and 1D approximation (due to the high aspect ratio of substrates), the resulting open circuit voltage ( V ) can be obtained by integrating Equation between ignited and unignited regions of the specimen, separating the Seebeck effect without doping ( S 0 for ∇ µ = 0) from the doping‐induced chemical potential gradient term:

V = \int_{T_{normali}}^{T_{ui}} S_{0} normald T normal - normal \frac{(μ_{ui} - μ_{normali})}{e}

where the subscripts ui and i designate the unignited and ignited regions of the sample, respectively. The first term describes the voltage induced by the Seebeck effect (Δ V = S 0 Δ T ) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Giant Peak Voltage of Thermopower Waves Driven by the Chemical Potential Gradient of Single‐Crystalline Bi₂Te₃

et al. 2017

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The self-propagating exothermic chemical reaction with transient thermovoltage, known as the thermopower wave, has received considerable attention recently. A greater peak voltage and specific power are still demanded, and materials with greater Seebeck coefficients have been previously investigated. However, this study employs an alternative mechanism of transient chemical potential gradient providing an unprecedentedly high peak voltage (maximum: 8 V; average: 2.3 V) and volume-specific power (maximum: 0.11 W mm ; average: 0.04 W mm ) using n-type single-crystalline Bi Te substrates. A mixture of nitrocellulose and sodium azide is used as a fuel, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy reveals a significant downshift in Fermi energy (≈5.09 eV) of the substrate by p-doping of the fuel. The induced electrical potential by thermopower waves has two distinct sources: the Seebeck effect and the transient chemical potential gradient. Surprisingly, the Seebeck effect contribution is less than 2.5% (≈201 mV) of the maximum peak voltage. The right combination of substrate, fuel doping, and anisotropic substrate geometry results in an order of magnitude greater transient chemical potential gradient (≈5.09 eV) upon rapid removal of fuel by exothermic chemical reaction propagation. The role of fuel doping and chemical potential gradient can be viewed as a key mechanism for enhanced heat to electric conversion performance.

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Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube‐Based Energy Harvesting Technologies

Bao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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There has been enormous interest in technologies that generate electricity from ambient energy such as solar, thermal, and mechanical energy, due to their potential for providing sustainable solutions to the energy crisis. One driving force behind the search for new energy‐harvesting technologies is the desire to power sensor networks and portable devices without batteries, such as self‐powered wearable electronics, human health monitoring systems, and implantable wireless sensors. Various energy harvesting technologies have been demonstrated in recent years. Among them, electrochemical, hydroelectric, triboelectric, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric nanogenerators have been extensively studied because of their special physical properties, ease of application, and sometimes high obtainable efficiency. Multifunctional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much interest in energy harvesting because of their exceptionally high gravimetric power outputs and recently obtained high energy conversion efficiencies. Further development of this field, however, still requires an in‐depth understanding of harvesting mechanisms and boosting of the electrical outputs for wider applications. We here comprehensively review various CNT‐based energy harvesting technologies, focusing on working principles, typical examples, and future improvements. The last section discusses the existing challenges and future directions of CNT‐based energy harvesters.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Electrical Energy Generation via Reversible Chemical Doping on Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Giant Peak Voltage of Thermopower Waves Driven by the Chemical Potential Gradient of Single‐Crystalline Bi₂Te₃

Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube‐Based Energy Harvesting Technologies

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Electrical Energy Generation via Reversible Chemical Doping on Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Giant Peak Voltage of Thermopower Waves Driven by the Chemical Potential Gradient of Single‐Crystalline Bi2Te3

Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube‐Based Energy Harvesting Technologies

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Giant Peak Voltage of Thermopower Waves Driven by the Chemical Potential Gradient of Single‐Crystalline Bi₂Te₃