Electrical energy storage—a review of technology options

Abstract

Matching uneven generation patterns to varying demands for power requires flexibility in the power network. Electrical energy storage technologies now exist to complement mature generation types as well as new forms of renewable generation. Electrical energy storage can also support network management. This paper presents examples of electrical energy storage applications, together with the development status of several technologies, and introduces the regulatory, economic and commercial aspects of combining storage with sustainable generation and operation of grid-connected and standalone power networks.

Redox flow batteries: a review

“…However, crossover and ohmic losses due to the large distances between positive and negative electrodes limited the coulombic efficiency. Although the Mn(acac) 3 system shows a lower open-circuit potential (1.1 V) than that of V(acac) 3 , Cr(acac) 3 , and VRB, it exhibits better reversibility both for Mn(II)/Mn(III) and Mn(III)/Mn(IV) redox couples, with a columbic efficiency approaching 97% in a static H-type cell. Shinkle et al studied the degradation mechanisms in the non-aqueous V(acac) 3 redox systems [80], and showed that environmental oxygen and water are associated with side reactions that affect the long-term charge-discharge response of the battery.…”

“…As a promising technology for storing intermittent renewable energy, VRB systems have received perhaps the most attention of all RFBs [16,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. In fact, prototypes up to the range of MW in power and MWh in energy-storage capacity have been demonstrated [3,35,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Figure 5 shows the 5-10 kW VRB stack developed by Skyllas-Kazacos' group along with its general efficiencies.…”

“…Recently, Thompson and co-workers demonstrated a redox-flow system using M(acac) 3 (M = V, Cr or Mn, and acac is acetylacetonate) with at least three different oxidation states [77][78][79]. The vanadium and chromium acetylacetonate systems showed higher open-circuit potentials, 2.2 and 3.4 V, respectively, compared to around 1.26 V for the aqueous VRB system.…”

“…Batteries for large-scale grid storage require durability for large numbers of charge/discharge cycles as well as calendar life, high round-trip efficiency, an ability to respond rapidly to changes in load or input, and reasonable capital costs [3]. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) or redox flow cells (RFCs), shown schematically in Fig.…”

Development of data-driven method for capacity estimation and prognosis for lithium-ion batteries

“…Today in the industry there exists a multitude of suggested technologies, so-called energy storage systems (ESS) which are used for this purpose. Based on the form in which the energy is stored, these energy storage systems can be divided into the electrical, which comprises capacitors, super-capacitors; mechanical, which includes flywheels, pumped hydroelectric systems, compressed air; chemical, can be hydrogen or other chemical storage; thermal, like hot water, molten salts and electrochemical, which comprises of batteries [4].…”