Electrical Generation of Natural Aerosols from Vegetation

Fish, B.R.

doi:10.1126/science.175.4027.1239

Cited by 43 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Particulate K in the atmosphere can be associated with dust, sea salt, and especially plantderived material (Crozat 1978;Gosz 1980;Lovett & Lindberg 1984). Particles can be formed on plant surfaces by degradation of leaf tissue or by migration of salts from the interior to the exterior of leaves (Lovett et al 1989;Reiners et al 1986;Schaefer & Reiners 1989), and removed from the leaf surface by wind or by electrostatic forces (Beauford et al 1977;Fish 1972). These aerosol particles can be transported by wind and deposited to the bulk deposition collectors in clearings within the forest.…”

Section: Computation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook

et al. 1994

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Abstract. A synthesis of the biogeochemistry of K was conducted during in the reference and human-manipulated watershed-ecosystems of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH. Results showed that during the first two years of the study , which coincided with a drought period, the reference watershed was a net sink for atmospheric inputs of K. During the remaining years, this watershed has been a net source of K for downstream ecosystems. There have been long-term declines in volume-weighted concentration and flux of K at the HBEF; however, this pattern appears to be controlled by the relatively large inputs during the initial drought years. Net ecosystem loss (atmospheric deposition minus stream outflow) showed an increasing trend of net loss, peaking during the mid-1970s and declining thereafter. This pattern of net K loss coincides with trends in the drainage efflux of SO: and NO;, indicating that concentrations of strong acid anions may be important controls of dissolved K loss from the site. There were no long-term trends in streamwater concentration or flux of K. A distinct pattern in pools and fluxes of K was evident based on biotic controls in the upper ecosystem strata (canopy, boles, forest floor) and abiotic controls in lower strata of the ecosystem (mineral soil, glacial till). This biological control was manifested through higher concentrations and fluxes of K in vegetation, aboveground litter, throughfall and forest floor pools and soil water in the northern hardwood vegetation within the lower reaches of the watershedecosystem, when compared with patterns in the high-elevation spruce-fir zone. Abiotic control mechanisms were evident through longitudinal variations in soil cation exchange capacity (related to soil organic matter) and soil/till depth, and temporal and disturbance-related variations in inputs of strong-acid anions. Marked differences in the K cycle were evident at the HBEF for the periods 1964-69 and 1987-92. These changes included decreases in biomass storage, net mineralization and throughfall fluxes and increased resorption in the latter period. These patterns seem to reflect an ecosystem response to decreasing rates of biomass accretion during the study. Clearcutting disturbance resulted in large losses of K in stream water and from the removal of harvest products. Stream losses occur from release from slash, decomposition of soil organic matter and displacement from cation exchange sites. Elevated concentrations of K persist in stream water for many years after clearcutting. Of the major elements, K shows the slowest recovery from clearcutting disturbance.

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Section: Computation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook

et al. 1994

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“…Rasmussen and Went [1965] measured biogenic compounds in the air and reported that their occurrence was dependent upon the density of nearby vegetation, the season of the year, and the amount of decay of decomposing matter. It was also suggested that submicrometer aerosol wax particles could be produced in heavily forested areas by strong electrical fields on wax-covered plant surfaces [Fish, 1972]. They reported that photochemical processes were responsible for the eventual formation of biogenic particles at least 0.2 #m in diameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus associations in aerosols from South American tropical rain forests

Lawson¹,

Winchester²

1979

J. Geophys. Res.

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Aerosol samples from South American tropical rain forests near Manaus, Brazil, and Zongo, Bolivia, before and during rainfall periods, collected by using cascade impactors and time sequence filter samplers (‘streakers’) contained elements that may be classified into two distinct groups in the coarse particle size range (>1‐μm aerodynamic diameter). One group, whose atmospheric concentrations are suppressed during rainfall episodes, consists of the elements Al, Si, Ca, and Fe, which may be soil derived. The other group, consisting of the elements S, K, and P, shows little, if any, reduction in concentration caused by rainfall. The fact that the latter group is associated with the forest as a potential source and has elemental ratios corresponding to those found in biological materials is evidence of a biogenic source for S, K, and P in coarse aerosol particles over tropical rain forests sufficient to account for the observed concentrations of ∼50 ng S/m3, ∼100 ng K/m3, and ∼50 ng P/m3. These data suggest that organic matter released to the atmosphere contains not only nonmetals but potassium and perhaps additional metals.

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“…K, P, S, Zn) in plants are present in the fluids circulating in the plants and can be released from the plant during transpiration (Nemeruyk, 1970). Fish (1972) suggested that haze observed over forests could be due to submicrometer particles from electrical generation of biogenic aerosol by leaves. Furthermore, decaying vegetation may produce aerosol particles (Schnell and Vali, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of dry and wet season aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Vertical number fluxes of aerosol particles and vertical fluxes of CO 2 were measured with the eddy covariance method at the top of a 53 m high tower in the Amazon rain forest as part of the LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) experiment. The observed aerosol number fluxes included particles with sizes down to 10 nm in diameter. The measurements were carried out during the wet and dry season in 2008. In this study focus is on the dry season aerosol fluxes, with significant influence from biomass burning, and these are compared with aerosol fluxes measured during the wet season.Net particle deposition fluxes dominated in daytime in both seasons and the deposition flux was considerably larger in the dry season due to the much higher dry season particle concentration. The particle transfer velocity increased linearly with increasing friction velocity in both seasons. The difference in transfer velocity between the two seasons was small, indicating that the seasonal change in aerosol number size distribution is not enough for causing any significant change in deposition velocity. In general, particle transfer velocities in this study are low compared to studies over boreal forests. The reasons are probably the high percentage of accumulation mode particles and the low percentage of nucleation mode particles in the Amazon boundary layer, both in the dry and wet season, and low wind speeds in the tropics compared to the midlatitudes.In the dry season, nocturnal particle fluxes behaved very similar to the nocturnal CO 2 fluxes. Throughout the night, the measured particle flux at the top of the tower was close to zero, but early in the morning there was an upward partiCorrespondence to: L. Ahlm (lars.ahlm@itm.su.se) cle flux peak that is not likely a result of entrainment or local pollution. It is possible that these morning upward particle fluxes are associated with emission of primary biogenic particles from the rain forest. Emitted particles may be stored within the canopy during stable conditions at nighttime, similarly to CO 2 , and being released from the canopy when conditions become more turbulent in the morning.

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Electrical Generation of Natural Aerosols from Vegetation

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook

The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook

Sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus associations in aerosols from South American tropical rain forests

A comparison of dry and wet season aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest

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