“…Among the issues summarized above, electrically degrading behavior of ceramic insulators have attracted strong concerns, especially in the early stage of the ITER-EDA because it will introduce serious technological problems in designing fusion machines, where many electrical components will be exposed to intense radiation environments [1,2]. Extensive studies resulted in the conclusion that the degradation of electrical insulation will not cause serious problems in design of the ITER, for electronic-conductive ceramic insulators such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) [9,10].…”