Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle

Baylor, D. A.; Fuortes, M. G. F.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009049

Cited by 520 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…5C) The results presented here demonstrate a reversal potential for the light response near 0 mV. A reversal potential for the light response of 0 mV was obtained by extrapolation of data recorded in cones from the turtle (8) and in rods of the toad retina (32), and a reversal potential of +10 mV was directly measured in rods of the mudpuppy retina (33). Both previous measurements in rods were made with an intracellular pipette in the outer segment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Light stimulation interrupts this current and hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor's membrane (1, 5, 6). Intracellular recording indicates that the cessation of this current is accompanied by a conductance decrease in at least some preparations (7,8). It seems, therefore, that an effect of light on photoreceptors is to decrease a sodium conductance that is high when the photoreceptor is in the dark.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses to light of solitary rod photoreceptors isolated from tiger salamander retina.

Bader¹,

MacLeish²,

Schwartz³

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The mechanism whereby light generates an electrical signal in photoreceptors has been extensively studied in the intact retina. The uniform organization of the vertebrate photoreceptor layer has aided in the detection of an ionic current that flows extracellularly from the inner segment toward the outer segment of the photoreceptor during darkness (1). Ion substitution experiments indicate that this current is carried by sodium ions which, in the dark, enter the outer segment and maintain the photoreceptor in a depolarized state (2-4). Light stimulation interrupts this current and hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor's membrane (1, 5, 6). Intracellular recording indicates that the cessation of this current is accompanied by a conductance decrease in at least some preparations (7,8). It seems, therefore, that an effect of light on photoreceptors is to decrease a sodium conductance that is high when the photoreceptor is in the dark.The light response, however, is not shaped solely by the light-sensitive conductance changes; intracellular recordings from photoreceptors have shown that the amplitude of the response can be increased when the size of the illuminating spot is increased, even though the irradiance is kept constant (9, 10). Concomitantly, the time course of the response is altered. These changes have been attributed to interactions between photoreceptors (9-11), to voltage-dependent membrane conductances (10, 11), and, for cone photoreceptors, to feedback from second-order neurons (9). Electrical synapses have been proposed to mediate the interaction between photoreceptors (11-15). This notion is supported by experiments showing that cobalt ions, which are assumed to block chemical synaptic transmission, have no detectable effect on the interaction between rod photoreceptors (13). Also, gap junctions (15-17), but not chemical synapses, have been described between photoreceptors in several species. Thus photoreceptors in the intact vertebrate retina form a syncytium. Consequently, current can

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to light of solitary rod photoreceptors isolated from tiger salamander retina.

Bader¹,

MacLeish²,

Schwartz³

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Little is known about the events that intervene between the absorption of photons in rod disks and changes in plasma membrane Na conductance, but it is thought that light induces a change in the concentration of an intracellular messenger (Baylor & Fuortes, 1970) which diffuses from the disk membrane to the plasma membrane and reduces the Na conductance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of calcium and guanosine‐3',5'‐cyclic‐monophosphoric acid on receptor potentials of toad rods.

Waloga¹

1983

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Membrane potential was recorded intracellularly from rod outer segments in the isolated retina of Bufo marinUs. The composition of the solution flowing over the exposed receptor side of the retina was changed rapidly and ionophoretic injections were made into single rod outer segments.2. Lowering the external Ca2+ concentration, adding 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) to the bath, or ionophoretic injections of guanosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid (cGMP) lead to depolarization of the rod membrane and an increase in the maximum peak amplitude of the receptor potential.3. Lowering the Ca2+ concentration or adding IBMX to the bath shifted the curve of response amplitude vs. log intensity of stimulus and a-(intensity at half saturation) towards dimmer intensities. The ionophoresis of cGMP did not shift the position of the curve along the log stimulus intensity axis.4. Changing the external concentration of Ca or IBMX changes the form of the response amplitude vs. log intensity curve. This is most obvious at dim intensities. The amplitude of receptor potentials elicited by dim light was decreased by lowering Ca but increased by IBMX. The kinetics of receptor potentials were affected differently by solutions with a low Ca2+ concentration and those containing IBMX. The recovery phase of the receptor potential was slightly accelerated in the low Ca solution, whereas it was greatly slowed in the IBMX-containing solution. The ionophoretic injection of cGMP also slowed the recovery of the receptor potential.5. The data presented do not support the proposal that cGMP alone maintains membrane voltage in the dark and that the light-induced hydrolysis of cGMP results in the light-induced decrease in membrane conductance underlying the receptor potential. It is more likely that both Ca2+ and cGMP interact in the modulation of membrane voltage, perhaps as interrelated messengers.

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“…The photoreceptor cells of the human eye vary by only several ten mV of electric potential after light absorption [6]. Therefore, we consider that dye-immobilized thin films meet the criteria of retinal prosthesis in terms of electric potential.…”

Section: Examination Of Biological Compatibility According To Water Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Light-Induced Surface Potential Observation of Retinal Prosthesis Using Polyethylene Thin Films Immobilized with Photoelectric Dyes

Uchida

Nitta

Kanashima

2015

J. Photopol. Sci. Technol.

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Photoelectric dyes that absorb light and convert photon energy to electric potential have previously been shown to stimulate retinal neurons in cultures. As such, we have designed a new type of retinal prosthesis using polyethylene films coupled with photoelectric dye molecules. In this study, the electric potentials on the film were observed using a scanning Kelvin probe microscope under light and dark conditions. As a result, electric potentials were observed on the film, which were dependent on light intensity and wavelength. Furthermore, the electric potentials showed a rapid on-off response to light.

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Electrical responses of single cones in the retina of the turtle

Cited by 520 publications

References 20 publications

Responses to light of solitary rod photoreceptors isolated from tiger salamander retina.

Responses to light of solitary rod photoreceptors isolated from tiger salamander retina.

Effects of calcium and guanosine‐3',5'‐cyclic‐monophosphoric acid on receptor potentials of toad rods.

Synthesis and Light-Induced Surface Potential Observation of Retinal Prosthesis Using Polyethylene Thin Films Immobilized with Photoelectric Dyes

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