Electrical stimulation facilitates rat facial nerve recovery from a crush injury

Lal, Devyani; Hetzler, Laura; Sharma, Nijee; Wurster, Robert D.; Marzo, Sam J.; Jones, Kathryn J.; Foecking, Eileen M.

doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.04.030

Cited by 91 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Electrode assemblies were constructed as previously described [5][6]. During the same surgery as the crush procedure, the base of the electrode assembly was sutured onto the paraspinous muscles of each animal.…”

Section: Electrode Implantation and Electrical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The animals were divided into seven groups (n = 6 in all groups): one group that received no ES; one group that received one 30 min session of ES immediately following the injury (1 session); groups receiving one 30 min session of ES immediately following the injury along with additional sessions either 1 d later (2 sessions), 1 d to 3 d later (4 sessions), or 1 d to 6 d later (7 sessions); and a group that was stimulated daily until complete recovery as previously described [5][6][7]. The onset of recovery for both vibrissae orientation and eye blink reflex occurred within a few days.…”

Section: Electrode Implantation and Electrical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eye blink reflex, vibrissae movement, and orientation of the vibrissae relative to the rostrocaudal axis of the animal were measured. These parameters were chosen because they are dependent on the facial nerve and have been used in previous studies of facial nerve recovery [5][6][12][13]. The time to complete recovery of all measured parameters was also recorded and analyzed.…”

Section: Behavioral Assessment Of Functional Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, ES has been explored as a therapeutic strategy for improving the outcome of peripheral nerve injury. Over the course of several studies, our laboratory has shown that daily ES applied to the facial nerve proximal to the site of injury affects early events in the nerve regeneration process, and therefore functional recovery, in rats by initiating axon sprout formation [5][6][7]. Pockett and Gavin reported that administering ES following sciatic nerve crush injury in rats accelerates the appearance of the toe-spreading reflex, a sensitive indicator of the onset of motor recovery [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of ES in enhancing recovery from facial nerve crush injury have used daily stimulation beginning the day after injury [5][6]. However, given the evidence that ES acts on early events in the regenerative process, one of the objectives of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of ES administered immediately following crush injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single session of brief electrical stimulation immediately following crush injury enhances functional recovery of rat facial nerve

Foecking

Fargo²,

Coughlin³

et al. 2012

JRRD

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Abstract-Peripheral nerve injuries lead to a variety of pathological conditions, including paresis or paralysis when the injury involves motor axons. We have been studying ways to enhance the regeneration of peripheral nerves using daily electrical stimulation (ES) following a facial nerve crush injury. In our previous studies, ES was not initiated until 24 h after injury. The current experiment tested whether ES administered immediately following the crush injury would further decrease the time for complete recovery from facial paralysis. Rats received a unilateral facial nerve crush injury and an electrode was positioned on the nerve proximal to the crush site. Animals received daily 30 min sessions of ES for 1 d (day of injury only), 2 d, 4 d, 7 d, or daily until complete functional recovery. Untreated animals received no ES. Animals were observed daily for the return of facial function. Our findings demonstrated that one session of ES was as effective as daily stimulation at enhancing the recovery of most functional parameters. Therefore, the use of a single 30 min session of ES as a possible treatment strategy should be studied in human patients with paralysis as a result of acute nerve injuries.

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Section: Electrode Implantation and Electrical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrode Implantation and Electrical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Behavioral Assessment Of Functional Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single session of brief electrical stimulation immediately following crush injury enhances functional recovery of rat facial nerve

Foecking

Fargo²,

Coughlin³

et al. 2012

JRRD

Self Cite

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Quantitative Analysis of Muscle Histologic Method in Rodent Facial Nerve Injury

Hadlock

Kim

Weinberg

et al. 2013

JAMA Facial Plast Surg

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Macroscopic In Vivo Imaging of Facial Nerve Regeneration in Thy1-GFP Rats

Placheta

Wood

Lafontaine

et al. 2015

JAMA Facial Plast Surg

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IMPORTANCE Facial nerve injury leads to severe functional and aesthetic deficits. The transgenic Thy1-GFP rat is a new model for facial nerve injury and reconstruction research that will help improve clinical outcomes through translational facial nerve injury research. OBJECTIVE To determine whether serial in vivo imaging of nerve regeneration in the transgenic rat model is possible, facial nerve regeneration was imaged under the main paradigms of facial nerve injury and reconstruction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Fifteen male Thy1-GFP rats, which express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in their neural structures, were divided into 3 groups in the laboratory: crush-injury, direct repair, and cross-face nerve grafting (30-mm graft length). The distal nerve stump or nerve graft was predegenerated for 2 weeks. The facial nerve of the transgenic rats was serially imaged at the time of operation and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of regeneration. The imaging was performed under a GFP-MDS-96/BN excitation stand (BLS Ltd). INTERVENTION OR EXPOSURE Facial nerve injury. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Optical fluorescence of regenerating facial nerve axons. RESULTS Serial in vivo imaging of the regeneration of GFP-positive axons in the Thy1-GFP rat model is possible. All animals survived the short imaging procedures well, and nerve regeneration was followed over clinically relevant distances. The predegeneration of the distal nerve stump or the cross-face nerve graft was, however, necessary to image the regeneration front at early time points. Crush injury was not suitable to sufficiently predegenerate the nerve (and to allow for degradation of the GFP through Wallerian degeneration). After direct repair, axons regenerated over the coaptation site in between 2 and 4 weeks. The GFP-positive nerve fibers reached the distal end of the 30-mm-long cross-face nervegrafts after 4 to 8 weeks of regeneration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The time course of facial nerve regeneration was studied by serial in vivo imaging in the transgenic rat model. Nerve regeneration was followed over clinically relevant distances in a small number of experimental animals, as they were subsequently imaged at multiple time points. The Thy1-GFP rat model will help improve clinical outcomes of facial reanimation surgery through improving the knowledge of facial nerve regeneration after surgical procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.

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Electrical stimulation facilitates rat facial nerve recovery from a crush injury

Abstract: Electrical stimulation initiates and accelerates facial nerve recovery in the rat model as it significantly reduces recovery time for the semi-eyeblink reflex, a marker of early recovery. It also hastens recovery of other functions.

Cited by 91 publications

References 16 publications

Single session of brief electrical stimulation immediately following crush injury enhances functional recovery of rat facial nerve

Single session of brief electrical stimulation immediately following crush injury enhances functional recovery of rat facial nerve

Quantitative Analysis of Muscle Histologic Method in Rodent Facial Nerve Injury

Macroscopic In Vivo Imaging of Facial Nerve Regeneration in Thy1-GFP Rats

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