Electrically Activated Mechanochemical Devices Using Polyelectrolyte Gels

Osada, Yoshihito; Hasebe, Masato

doi:10.1246/cl.1985.1285

Cited by 220 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Work by Osada and others explored electrically-driven actuators where pH changes at each electrode drive local volume changes [7]. While electrical power should be a more convenient way of driving artificial muscles, it has proved to be difficult to couple the electrical energy input to provide a mechanical output.…”

Section: O P Y R I G H T E D M a T E R I A Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Gel Actuators: Fundamentals

Calvert

2009

Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators

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One view of materials development is to search for what materials correspond to empty spaces on a hypothetical multi-dimensional map of the properties of available materials. Following a biomimetic philosophy, for instance, it can be seen that tough ceramics and moldable short fiber composites with high moduli are possible but absent from the list of available synthetic materials. Likewise artificial muscle is missing, where the properties are defined as a developed stress of over 300 kPa, a linear contraction of 25 % and a response time of below one second. Currently dielectric elastomers come closest but have disadvantages [1,2].The actin-myosin muscle system provides the performance target for electroactive polymer actuators [3,4]. The process is driven chemically by the energy change from hydrolysis of the polyphosphate bond as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) binds to myosin and is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate. A simple chemical analogy suggests that muscle-like gels should be feasible but it is now clear that the task is much harder than it seems.Early work on gel actuation by Katchalsky-Katzir demonstrated that engines could be built using the chemical energy in diluting a lithium bromide solution to drive contraction and expansion of a collagen belt [5]. In essence, the collagen expands to take up the salt solution or contract to exclude the water. This change is both a molecular conformation change and a volume change. Other chemically driven gels, for instance polyacrylic acid fibers [6] which respond to a pH change, also rely on a solubility change giving rise to a volume change.

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Section: O P Y R I G H T E D M a T E R I A Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Gel Actuators: Fundamentals

Calvert

2009

Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators

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“…While these materials were initially recognized for their chemoelectric properties, some of the earliest work with the chemomechanical and electromechanical behaviors was conducted in the 1940s-1960s by Katchalsky, 1 Kuhn et al, 2,3 and Hamlen et al 4 Other researchers continued this work through the 1970s ͑Refs. 5 and 6͒ and 1980s, 7 however, it was not until the 1990s that large scale research efforts were focused on the ionic polymer as an electromechanical transducer. In 1992, Oguro et al 8 and Sadeghipour et al 9 presented work demonstrating that the ionic polymer could respond as either an electromechanical actuator 8 or a sensor 9 when suitably plated with conductive electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the electrical impedance response of ionic polymer transducers

Farinholt

Leo

2008

Journal of Applied Physics

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Articles you may be interested inA physics-based model of the electrical impedance of ionic polymer metal composites J. Appl. Phys. 111, 124901 (2012) An analytical study is presented that investigates the electrical impedance response of the ionic polymer transducer. Experimental studies have shown that the electromechanical response of these active materials is highly dependent upon internal parameters such as neutralizing counterion, diluent, electrode treatment, as well as environmental factors such as ambient temperature. Further examination has shown that these variations are introduced predominantly through the polymer's ability to convert voltage into charge migration. This relationship can easily be represented by the polymer's electrical impedance as measured across the outer electrodes of the transducer. In the first half of this study an analytical model is developed which predicts the time and frequency domain characteristics of the electrical response of the ionic polymer transducer. Transport equations serve as the basis for this model, from which a series of relationships are developed to describe internal potential, internal charge density, as well as surface current. In the second half of this study several analytical studies are presented to understand the impact that internal parameters have on the polymer's electrical response, while providing a conceptual validation of the model. In addition to the analytical studies several experimental comparisons are made to further validate the model by examining how well the model predicts changes in temperature, viscosity and pretention within the ionic polymer transducer.

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“…Ionic polymers comprise the active layer in Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs), which were first identified just over a decade ago [1][2][3][4][5] and now constitute an emerging class of soft transducers (see Figure 1). Because they generate large strain in response to low electric field stimulation and [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Rotational Isomeric State Theory to Ionic Polymer Stiffness Predictions

et al. 2005

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Presently, Rotational Isomeric State (RIS) theory directly addresses polymer chain conformation as it relates to mechanical response trends. The primary goal of this work is to explore the adaptation of this methodology to the prediction of material stiffness. This multi-scale modeling approach relies on ionomer chain conformation and polymer morphology and thus has potential as both a predictive modeling tool and a synthesis guide. The Mark-Curro Monte Carlo methodology is applied to generate a statistically valid number of end-to-end chain lengths via RIS theory for four solvated Nafion cases. For each case, a probability density function for chain length is estimated using various statistical techniques, including the classically applied cubic spline approach. It is found that the stiffness prediction is sensitive to the fitting strategy. The significance of various fitting strategies, as they relate to the physical structure of the polymer, are explored so that a method suitable for stiffness prediction may be identified.

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Electrically Activated Mechanochemical Devices Using Polyelectrolyte Gels

Cited by 220 publications

References 9 publications

Polymer Gel Actuators: Fundamentals

Polymer Gel Actuators: Fundamentals

Modeling the electrical impedance response of ionic polymer transducers

Application of Rotational Isomeric State Theory to Ionic Polymer Stiffness Predictions

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