“… Fig. 2 SEM image of (a) (b) GO/Geopolymer nanocomposite showing the reduction of particle agglomeration with the increase of GO content in the GO/Geopolymer composite [ 81 ] (c) (d) cross-section of 3D printed 2% graphene-polymer composite showing the (c) random orientation of graphene (d) ordered orientation of graphene [ 82 ] (Reprinted with permission from Elsevier) (e) microstructure of 3D printed PLA-GNP composite showing a higher layer thickness (f) Fractured cross-sectional microstructure of 3D printed PLA-graphene [ 83 ] (Reprinted with permission from Willey). Fig.…”
“…3 (a–c) Mechanical properties including compressive strength, elastic modulus and stress-strain pattern of GO/Geopolymer (GOGP) nanocomposite, all the mechanical strength decreases at higher volume fraction of GO as higher volume fraction creates agglomeration of GO in the GOGP composite [ 81 ], (d) Stress-strain curve of 3D printed (using the stereolithographic, SLA technique) graphene-polymer composite with or without dispersion of acetone showing the reduction of Young's modulus and Yield strength of the acetone dispersed composites [ 75 ]. (e–h) mechanical characteristics of random and ordered composites containing varying weight percent of graphene ranging from 0 to 2 wt%: (e) the bending stress-strain curves (f) the flexural strength and fracture strain (g) the tensile stress-strain curves and (h) tensile strength and elongation [ 84 ] (Reprinted with permission from Elsevier). …”
“… Fig. 2 SEM image of (a) (b) GO/Geopolymer nanocomposite showing the reduction of particle agglomeration with the increase of GO content in the GO/Geopolymer composite [ 81 ] (c) (d) cross-section of 3D printed 2% graphene-polymer composite showing the (c) random orientation of graphene (d) ordered orientation of graphene [ 82 ] (Reprinted with permission from Elsevier) (e) microstructure of 3D printed PLA-GNP composite showing a higher layer thickness (f) Fractured cross-sectional microstructure of 3D printed PLA-graphene [ 83 ] (Reprinted with permission from Willey). Fig.…”
“…3 (a–c) Mechanical properties including compressive strength, elastic modulus and stress-strain pattern of GO/Geopolymer (GOGP) nanocomposite, all the mechanical strength decreases at higher volume fraction of GO as higher volume fraction creates agglomeration of GO in the GOGP composite [ 81 ], (d) Stress-strain curve of 3D printed (using the stereolithographic, SLA technique) graphene-polymer composite with or without dispersion of acetone showing the reduction of Young's modulus and Yield strength of the acetone dispersed composites [ 75 ]. (e–h) mechanical characteristics of random and ordered composites containing varying weight percent of graphene ranging from 0 to 2 wt%: (e) the bending stress-strain curves (f) the flexural strength and fracture strain (g) the tensile stress-strain curves and (h) tensile strength and elongation [ 84 ] (Reprinted with permission from Elsevier). …”
“…Partially reduced GO was added into the elastomer resin and sonicated to ensure uniform and stable dispersion [ 108 ]. Surface modification of as purchased multi-layer graphene nanoplatelets was conducted to ensure the uniformity and stability of the slurry [ 109 , 110 ]. In addition to the fabrication of graphene/polymer composites, the DLP-based 3D printing can also be applied to prepare neat graphene structures.…”
Section: 3d Printing Techniques For Graphene and Graphene/polymer Com...mentioning
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, alternatively known as additive manufacturing, is a transformative technology enabling precise, customized, and efficient manufacturing of components with complex structures. It revolutionizes traditional processes, allowing rapid prototyping, cost-effective production, and intricate designs. The 3D printed graphene-based materials combine graphene’s exceptional properties with additive manufacturing’s versatility, offering precise control over intricate structures with enhanced functionalities. To gain comprehensive insights into the development of 3D printed graphene and graphene/polymer composites, this review delves into their intricate fabrication methods, unique structural attributes, and multifaceted applications across various domains. Recent advances in printable materials, apparatus characteristics, and printed structures of typical 3D printing techniques for graphene and graphene/polymer composites are addressed, including extrusion methods (direct ink writing and fused deposition modeling), photopolymerization strategies (stereolithography and digital light processing) and powder-based techniques. Multifunctional applications in energy storage, physical sensor, stretchable conductor, electromagnetic interference shielding and wave absorption, as well as bio-applications are highlighted. Despite significant advancements in 3D printed graphene and its polymer composites, innovative studies are still necessary to fully unlock their inherent capabilities.
“…However, ITO electrodes have limited their application in flexible devices due to the poor mechanical strength of the material itself, the complexity of the preparation process, and the high cost. Recently, many conductive materials including conductive polymers, , carbon-based materials, and conductive metal-based materials have been developed as flexible alternatives to ITO, among which conductive polymers and carbon-based materials are poor in electrical conductivity, light transmission, and environmental stability. PEDOT:PSS is a typical conductive thin-film material with a variety of advantages, including high optical transparency, excellent flexibility, and superior chemical stability.…”
With the development of electronic devices toward thinner, lighter, and more flexible, the preparation of transparent electrodes for device assembly has garnered significant attention. Traditional transparent electrodes of indium tin oxides are brittle and difficult to adapt to deformations such as bending and stretching of flexible substrates. Flexible electrodes based on two-dimensional microstructures have become viable alternatives; however, the current electrode fabrication methods are complex, typically requiring the involvement of multiple machining equipment and the combination of multiple fabrication processes for machining and fabrication, and the simple, direct, and efficient integrated fabrication of electrodes is still a great challenge. Herein, an integrated manufacturing strategy for directly printing flexible multilayer composite electrodes based on an electrohydrodynamic printing process is proposed. The printing experimental system was designed. A finite element model was developed to make a preliminary selection of the parameters and the range of values affecting printing. Experiments were designed to analyze the combination of printing parameters to determine the range of applicability. The line width prediction model was used to predict the printing of structures with superior finish quality. Different printing modes were selected for different mesh electrode layers, electrode reinforcement layers, and encapsulation layers of the composite electrodes. Surface modification treatment was combined with direct printing for the direct assembly of electrodes. The electrode of finalized size 20 mm × 20 mm has good light transmission, conductivity, deformation, and mechanical stability; current efficiency and lightemitting diode (LED) light brightness before and after deformation are basically unchanged. The electrode in different bending diameters after 1000 cycles of resistance change is small and lightweight and has stable performance under different working conditions, good environmental adaptability, and excellent overall performance. The potential of composite electrodes for a wide range of applications in emerging wearable multifunctional electronic devices is shown by fabricating wearable strain sensors and heated films based on this electrode. This method can be used to manufacture simple, low-cost, high-performance, and highefficiency electrodes.
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