Electrically, Chemically, and Photonically Powered Torsional and Tensile Actuation of Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Yarn Muscles

Lima, Márcio Dias; Li, Na; Andrade, Mário de; Fang, Shaoli; Oh, Jiyoung; Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Kozlov, Mikhail E.; Haines, Carter S.; Suh, Dongseok; Foroughi, Javad; Kim, Seon Jeong; Chen, Yongsheng; Ware, Taylor H.; Shin, Min Jae; Machado, Leonardo D.; Fonseca, Alexandre F.; Madden, John D. W.; Voit, Walter; Galvão, Douglas S.; Baughman, Ray H.

doi:10.1126/science.1226762

Cited by 637 publications

(659 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Fig. 6e, the response time is estimated about 0.5 s. The fiber shows a repeatable generation of the actuation stress with fast rates of 40 MPa s 1 , a value that is comparable to the peak capacity of natural and other artificial muscles (30 MPa s 1 ); 20,58 and an actuation mechanism similar to that of PEDOT/PSS films or papers in humid air. 11,13 When an electrical field is applied to the sample, electrical energy is converted to thermal energy, causing temperature to increase on the fiber (Fig.…”

Section: Electromechanical Responsementioning

confidence: 76%

“…Although it has been shown that short-time application of high voltages does not harm the polymer, long term operation results in electrical failure of the materials. 20 Small size microactuators should also feature enhanced response rate and be powered with coin batteries. 3 In addition, increasing the conductivity of the material can improve response rate and permit the use at low voltage power sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-ampacity conductive polymer microfibers as fast response wearable heaters and electromechanical actuators

et al. 2016

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CitationHigh-ampacity conductive polymer microfibers as fast response wearable heaters and electromechanical actuators 2016, 4 (6) Conductive fibers with enhanced physical properties and functionalities are needed for a diversity of electronic devices. Here, we report very high performance in the thermal and mechanical response of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) microfibers when subjected to an electrical current. These fibers were made by combining hot-drawing assisted wetspinning process with ethylene glycol doping/de-doping can work at a high current density as high as 1.8 ⇥ 10 4 A cm 2 , which is comparable to that of carbon nanotube fibers. Their electrothermal response was investigated using optical sensors and verified to be as fast as 63 C s 1 and is comparable with that of metallic heating elements (20-50 C s 1 ). We investigated the electromechanical actuation resulted from the reversible sorption/desorption of moisture controlled by electro-induced heating.Results revealed an improvement of several orders of magnitudes compared to other linear conductive polymer-based actuators in air. Specifically, the fibers we designed here have a rapid stress generation rate (> 40 MPa s 1 ) and a wide operating frequency range (up to 40 Hz). These fibers have several characteristics including fast response, low-driven voltage, good repeatability, long cycle life and high energy efficiency, favoring their use as heating elements on wearable textiles and as artificial muscles for robotics.

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Section: Electromechanical Responsementioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-ampacity conductive polymer microfibers as fast response wearable heaters and electromechanical actuators

et al. 2016

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“…Systems are further classified by colour in terms of the mechanism of their activation and include chemical (red) and electrical (blue) active mechanisms, as well as hygroscopic (green) and thermal (yellow) passive mechanisms. The specific systems included in this figure (abbreviations used in the figure are shown in parentheses) are the sea cucumber dermis 9 , venus fly trap (VFT) 69 , human muscle contraction 59 , pH-activated polymers (pH) 59 , liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) 99 , shape-memory alloys (SMAs) 63 , mimosa plant 64 , legume forisomes 62 , shape-memory polymers (SMPs) 67 , electroactive polymers (EAPs) 59 , tree branch movement 57 , seed opening 110 , carbon nanotube (CNT) muscles 65 , electrically activiated hydrogels 61,66 , coiled nylon and polyethylene (PE) muscles 60 , cardiomyocytes 68 and spider silk 58 .…”

Section: Engineering Of Biomimetic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mechanics in biological and bio-inspired systems

et al. 2015

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Natural systems frequently exploit intricate multiscale and multiphasic structures to achieve functionalities beyond those of man-made systems. Although understanding the chemical make-up of these systems is essential, the passive and active mechanics within biological systems are crucial when considering the many natural systems that achieve advanced properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratios and stimuli-responsive adaptability. Discovering how and why biological systems attain these desirable mechanical functionalities often reveals principles that inform new synthetic designs based on biological systems. Such approaches have traditionally found success in medical applications, and are now informing breakthroughs in diverse frontiers of science and engineering. N atural biological systems are constrained by a limited number of chemical building blocks, yet through practical material organization and mechanics 1 , fulfil the functional needs of diverse organisms by methods that often exceed what is currently achievable using man-made approaches 2 . Synthetic systems are often limited by trade-offs where improving one property comes at the expense of another, as observed when utilizing ceramics in place of metals where a higher elastic modulus is accompanied by lower fracture toughness. However, many natural systems and materials have evolved 3 solutions that result in a number of improved properties simultaneously (for example, high modulus with high fracture toughness), and often produce systems that fulfil multiple functions concurrently. For example, stomatopod dactyl clubs 4 tolerate exceptional amounts of damage through multiphasic material interfaces, and efficient blood-clotting mechanisms are achieved through platelet shape adaptability 5 . These intricate mechanics phenomena, relating material organization and adaptability, are implemented in a structurally minimalistic fashion that is difficult to emulate through artificial manufacturing approaches 6 . Such mechanical functions (that is, mechanofunctionality) of biological systems are not isolated cases-multiscale structural organization also contributes to the hardness of nacre 7 and toughness of toucan beaks 8 , while shape changing commonly drives behaviour in many sea creatures 9 and plants 10 . As such recurrent, mechanically based organizational features throughout biology are discovered and analysed, they provide insight for building exceptional mechanofunctionalities into synthetic, bio-inspired technologies.The survival of organisms is often heightened by structures and materials with favourable properties (for example, load-bearing capacity) or mechanofunctionalities that are passive

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“…Giant torsional actuation from highly twisted fibres and yarns has been recently discovered [1][2][3][4][5][6] with potential applications in microfluidic mixing [1] and digital displays [3]. Volume expansion induced thermally, chemically, photonically or electrochemically causes partial untwist of highly twisted carbon nanotube, graphene or oriented polymer fibres and yarns [1,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres

et al. 2015

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Highly twisted oriented polymer fibres and carbon nanotube yarns show large scale torsional actuation from volume expansion that can be induced, for example, thermally or by electrochemical charging. When formed into spring-like coils, the torsional actuation within the fibre or yarn generates powerful tensile actuation per muscle weight. For further development of these coil actuators and for the practical application of torsional actuators, it is important to standardise methods for characterising both the torsional stroke (rotation) and torque generated. By analogy with tensile actuators, we here introduce a method to measure both the free stroke and blocked torque in a one-end-tethered fibre. In addition, the torsional actuation can be measured when operating against an externally applied torque (isotonic) and actuation against a return spring fibre (variable torque). A theoretical treatment of torsional actuation was formulated using torsion mechanics and evaluated using a commercially available highly-oriented polyamide fibre. Good agreement between experimental measurements and calculated values was obtained. The analysis allows the prediction of torsional stroke under any external loading condition based on the fundamental characteristics of the actuator: free stroke and stiffness. AbstractHighly twisted oriented polymer fibres and carbon nanotube yarns show large scale torsional actuation from volume expansion that can be induced, for example, thermally or by electrochemical charging. When formed into spring-like coils, the torsional actuation within the fibre or yarn generates powerful tensile actuation per muscle weight. For further development of these coil actuators and for the practical application of torsional actuators, it is important to standardise methods for characterising both the torsional stroke (rotation) and torque generated. By analogy with tensile actuators, we here introduce a method to measure both the free stroke and blocked torque in a one-end-tethered fibre. In addition, the torsional actuation can be measured when operating against an externally applied torque (isotonic) and actuation against a return spring fibre (variable torque). A theoretical treatment of torsional actuation was formulated using torsion mechanics and evaluated using a commercially available highly-oriented polyamide fibre. Good agreement between experimental measurements and calculated values was obtained. The analysis allows the prediction of torsional stroke under any external loading condition based on the fundamental characteristics of the actuator: free stroke and stiffness.

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Electrically, Chemically, and Photonically Powered Torsional and Tensile Actuation of Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Yarn Muscles

Cited by 637 publications

References 32 publications

High-ampacity conductive polymer microfibers as fast response wearable heaters and electromechanical actuators

High-ampacity conductive polymer microfibers as fast response wearable heaters and electromechanical actuators

The role of mechanics in biological and bio-inspired systems

Characterisation of torsional actuation in highly twisted yarns and fibres

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