Nanoporous materials with straight channels have attracted considerable interest due to their unique physical properties and many potential applications such as separation, sensing, biomedical and electronics. For the last few decades, nanoporous alumina or anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membrane is gaining attention due to its broad applicability in various applications. The unique properties of AAO membrane coupled with tunable surface modification and properties is playing an increasingly important platform in a diverse range of applications such as separation, energy storage, drug delivery and template synthesis, as well as biosensing, tissue engineering and catalytic studies. This chapter aims to introduce the recent advances and challenges for surface manipulation of AAO following the 'soft' and 'hard' modification strategies. The functions of these modified nanostructures materials and latest important applications are evaluated with respect to improved performance and possible implications of those strategies for the future trends of surface engineering are discussed.