Electrically pumped edge-emitting photonic crystal lasers with angled facets

Zhu, Lin; DeRose, Guy A.; Scherer, Axel; Yariv, Amnon

doi:10.1364/ol.32.001256

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] We have recently reported electrically pumped, large-area, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers operating in pulsed condition. 7 Furthermore, we demonstrated that we could systematically tune the lasing wavelength by changing the PC lattice constants, thus demonstrating that the lasing mode is truly defined by both the longitudinal and transverse Bragg conditions. However, due to the pulsed excitation and lack of temperature control, the lasing spectra were obtained under transient conditions with the attendant broadening.…”

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Continuous-wave operation of electrically pumped, single-mode, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers

Zhu

Sun

DeRose

et al. 2007

Applied Physics Letters

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The authors demonstrate an electrically pumped, single-mode, large-area, edge-emitting InGaAsP / InP two dimensional photonic crystal Bragg laser operating in continuous-wave condition. The laser uses a weak index perturbed, polymer-planarized, surface photonic crystal structure to control the optical mode in the wafer plane. They find that the laser operates in single transverse and longitudinal modes. They compare the performance of the photonic crystal Bragg laser with a broad-area laser fabricated from the same wafer and the comparison shows that the performance penalty incurred by the photonic crystal is small. © 2007 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2752124͔ Two dimensional photonic crystal ͑PC͒ structures with a weak periodic refractive index perturbation can provide the necessary modal control in the wafer plane for a wide aperture laser. These structures have been engineered to make large-modal-volume, high-power semiconductor lasers with narrow spectral linewidths and narrow beam divergences. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] We have recently reported electrically pumped, large-area, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers operating in pulsed condition. 7 Furthermore, we demonstrated that we could systematically tune the lasing wavelength by changing the PC lattice constants, thus demonstrating that the lasing mode is truly defined by both the longitudinal and transverse Bragg conditions. However, due to the pulsed excitation and lack of temperature control, the lasing spectra were obtained under transient conditions with the attendant broadening. It was difficult for us to draw conclusions about single or multimodedness.In this letter, we report continuous-wave ͑CW͒ electrically pumped, single-mode InGaAsP / InP PC Bragg lasers with angled facets operating in a temperature range of 140-180 K. We measure the output light power verse pump current ͑L-I͒ curves for the PC laser at different temperatures. We compare the laser threshold current and slope efficiency with those of a straight-facet broad-area ͑BA͒ laser fabricated from the same wafer with the same size and under the same operating conditions. We show that the performance penalty in terms of threshold current and slope efficiency incurred by the presence of lasing in a photonic crystal mode is small. This is important for practical applications of our PC lasers. We measure the PC laser linewidth with an optical heterodyne approach 8 and show that the laser truly operates in a single mode. We also measure the laser spectra at different temperatures and obtain a temperature tuning sensitivity d / dT of 0.09 nm/°C, which is similar to a regular distributed feedback ͑DFB͒ laser. 9 Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of our PC Bragg laser. The photonic crystal consists of a rectangular lattice array of polymer-filled holes each with a radius of 100 nm on the wafer surface. The transverse and longitudinal lattice constants are a and b, respectively. The cleaved facet is titled relative to the transverse lattice direction by an angle tilt . Angle...

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Continuous-wave operation of electrically pumped, single-mode, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers

Zhu

Sun

DeRose

et al. 2007

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Figure 5 shows the lasing spectra at ~1.1× threshold for all the four lasers. [9] for more details about the theoretical lasing wavelength calculations). As the transverse lattice constant changes from 0.96μm to 1.08μm, the lasing wavelength shifts 8.6nm.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The metal contact width is 100μm and the tilt angle is 13.8°.The design details are discussed in Ref. [9]. The lasers are cleaved to lengths of about 550μm and are P-side up bonded to a C-mount using indium solder.…”

Section: Design and Fabrication Of Photonic Crystal Bragg Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photonic crystal distributed feedback structures with angled facets have been proposed to overcome this problem [6]. So far, single-mode operation of large-area, edge-emitting semiconductor lasers using two dimensional distributed feedback has only been demonstrated either in room temperature pulsed condition [9,10] or low temperature CW condition [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Room temperature continuous wave operation of single-mode, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers

Zhu

Sun

DeRose

et al. 2008

2008 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

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Abstract:We report the first room temperature CW operation of two dimensional single-mode edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers. Single-mode lasing with single-lobed, diffraction limited far-fields is obtained for 100μm wide and 550μm long on-chip devices. We also demonstrate the tuning of the lasing wavelength by changing the transverse lattice constant of the photonic crystal. This enables a fine wavelength tuning sensitivity (change of the lasing wavelength/ change of the lattice constant) of 0.072. This dependence proves that the lasing mode is selected by the photonic crystal lattice.

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“…Two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) Bragg structures have been engineered to make large-area semiconductor lasers with narrow spectral linewidths and narrow beam divergences [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In our recent work, we demonstrated electrically pumped, large-area, single-mode, and edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers with angled facets operating in both pulsed and continuous wave (CW) conditions [8,9].…”

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Spatial modal control of two-dimensional photonic crystal Bragg lasers

et al. 2007

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We investigate the modal losses and field distributions of different order transverse modes supported by the photonic crystal Bragg structure using a transfer matrix method. We find that only the fundamental transverse mode has a single-lobed near field and far field and there exists a trade-off between ensuring lasing in the fundamental transverse mode and reducing the threshold. Employing these design principles, we experimentally demonstrate a large-area, edge-emitting, and single-mode semiconductor photonic crystal Bragg laser with a single-lobed, diffraction-limited far field under continuous wave condition. We have shown that the single-mode lasing is obtained by satisfying both the longitudinal and transverse Bragg conditions and the PC Bragg lasers are efficient for practical applications. In [9], we showed the laser oscillated in a true single mode by using an optical heterodyne method, and the laser output power was about 5 mW with an injected current of 70 mA and the slope efficiency was about 0.15 W / A. However, the far-field profile shown in [8] has two side peaks, which are detrimental for most applications since the side peaks in the far field reduce the coupling efficiency to optical fibers and planar waveguides.In this Letter, we show that the side peaks inside the PC Bragg laser far field are associated with highorder transverse Bragg resonance (TBR) modes. We first use a transfer matrix model [10,11] to compare different order transverse modes of the PC Bragg laser and find that only the first-order (fundamental) TBR mode has a single-lobed near field and thus a single-lobed far field. We show that the transverse coupling coefficient determines the intermodal discrimination between the fundamental and high-order TBR modes and there exists a trade-off between ensuring lasing in the fundamental TBR mode and reducing the threshold. We fabricate the PC Bragg lasers with different transverse coupling coefficients by changing the etch depths, and we measure the thresholds, spectra, near fields, and far fields of these lasers. Both fundamental and high-order TBR lasing modes are obtained depending on the transverse coupling coefficient. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions.Figure 1(a) shows a schematic diagram of our PC Bragg laser. The photonic crystal consists of a rectangular lattice array of polymer-filled holes each with a radius of 100 nm on the wafer surface. The transverse and longitudinal lattice constants are a and b, respectively. The cleaved facet is titled relative to the transverse lattice direction by an angle tilt . We use a first-order Bragg reflection ͑l =1͒ for the transverse direction with a lattice constant of a =1 m and a second-order Bragg reflection ͑j =2͒ for the longitudinal direction with a lattice constant of b = 470 nm. The design corresponds to a resonance wavelength of 1483 nm. (The effective index n eff is estimated to be 3.24.) The metal contact width is about 100 m and the facet tilt angle is 13.2°. Detailed fabrication procedures can...

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Electrically pumped edge-emitting photonic crystal lasers with angled facets

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Continuous-wave operation of electrically pumped, single-mode, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers

Continuous-wave operation of electrically pumped, single-mode, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers

Room temperature continuous wave operation of single-mode, edge-emitting photonic crystal Bragg lasers

Spatial modal control of two-dimensional photonic crystal Bragg lasers

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