“…Dutch physicist Peter Joseph William Debye defined the distance that an electric charge or field can travel in a plasma as the Debye length ( λ D ), [
13,17,31,32 ] and the corresponding Debye–Hückel equation can be described as following:
where ε , ε 0 , n bulk , and z are the permittivity of water, the permittivity of a vacuum, the concentration of the solution, and the valence number, respectively. F , T , and R represent the Faraday constant, the absolute temperature, and the universal gas constant, respectively.…”