Electro-migration of nitrate in sandy soil

Electrokinetic restoration of saline agricultural lands

“…There does not appear to be any risk for plants in soils with EC below 2 dS/m. Generally, soil salinity in agricultural lands is reduced by irrigation, by mixing in earth from another place, or by exchanging the saline soil with clean soil in places where soil EC is excessive [5,14].…”

“…Salts, which have high water solubility and exist as charged ions, are transported and removed by electromigration (movement of charged ions), electro-osmosis (liquid flow from anode to cathode through the pore spaces between particles), and electrophoresis (transfer of charged particles) from the soil surface [20,24]. Recently, several studies on desalination using EK remediation have been reported [7,[12][13][14][24][25][26][27].…”

“…Their findings show that the nitrate accumulated at the anode by electromigration under EK is retained there even under hydraulic flow toward the cathode. Eid et al [14] used numerical simulation to predict the nitrate concentration after EK treatment on the basis of soil pH and initial concentration. Furthermore, a field electroreclamation test using a horizontal drainage system was conducted by Cairo et al [24].…”

Bio-electro-remediation: electrokinetic transport of nitrate in a flow-through system for enhanced toluene biodegradation

“…The electric field causes electrokinetic transport processes such as movement of charged species by electromigration and transport of non charged compounds by electroosmosis [14,15]. In several studies, also the electrokinetic transport of nitrate [16][17][18], sulfate and ammonium [17][18][19][20] has already been shown. However, most of the electrokinetic studies were done in batch systems [e.g.…”

“…The pH gradients that develop in static batch systems are a major drawback with respect to microbial activity. It is well known that values of pH 3 and pH 11 rapidly develop at the anode and the cathode, respectively [16][17][18][19].…”