Electro-optic probe measurements of electric fields in plasmas

Nishiura, M.; Yoshida, Zensho; Mushiake, T.; Kawazura, Yohei; Osawa, Ryuji; Fujinami, Kikuo; Yano, Yoshihisa; Saitoh, H.; Yamasaki, M.; Kashyap, A.; Takahashi, N.; Nakatsuka, Masaya; Fukuyama, A.

doi:10.1063/1.4974740

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…• The collection of either dense or sparse E rms data around the plasma by experimental techniques cite [37][38][39] based on scope of sensor deployment.…”

Section: Synthetic Data-set Preparation For Training Dl-modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Self-Aware Dynamic Mesh Refinement Technique for Plasma Fluid Simulations of Microwave Breakdown

Ghosh

Chaudhury

2022

2022 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS)

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The electron density is a key parameter to characterize any plasma. Most of the plasma applications and research in the area of low-temperature plasmas (LTPs) is based on plasma density and plasma temperature. The conventional methods for electron density measurements offer axial and radial profiles for any given linear LTP device. These methods have major disadvantages of operational range (not very wide), cumbersome instrumentation, and complicated data analysis procedures. To address such practical concerns, the article proposes a novel machine learning (ML) assisted microwave-plasma interaction based strategy which is capable enough to determine the electron density profile within the plasma. The electric field pattern due to microwave scattering is measured to estimate the density profile. The proof of concept is tested for a simulated training data set comprising a low-temperature, unmagnetized, collisional plasma. Different types of Gaussian-shaped density profiles, in the range 10 16 − 10 19 m −3 , addressing a range of experimental configurations have been considered in our study. The results obtained show promising performance in estimating the 2D radial profile of the density for the given linear plasma device. The performance of the proposed deep learning based approach has been evaluated using three metrics-SSIM, RMSLE and MAPE. The favourable performance affirms the potential of the proposed ML based approach in plasma diagnostics.

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“…• The collection of either dense or sparse E rms data around the plasma by experimental techniques cite [37][38][39] based on scope of sensor deployment.…”

Section: Synthetic Data-set Preparation For Training Dl-modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Self-Aware Dynamic Mesh Refinement Technique for Plasma Fluid Simulations of Microwave Breakdown

Ghosh

Chaudhury

2022

2022 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS)

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“…The technology is now mature for commercialization, as evidenced by Refs. 28, 50, and 51, and has become a dedicated technique in severe environments such as plasmas, 24,25 lightnings, 26 or MRI. 52,53 PSM-based sensors are also ever-attractive for the near-field characterization of antennas, 38,48 due to their minimal invasiveness associated with their wide BW and ability to perform vectorial measurements.…”

Section: Bulk Electro-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noteworthy, replacing the broadband antenna with resonant ones also opens the way to advanced radio over fiber systems for wireless telecommunications. 89 Despite their metallic parts, MZIs with antenna can be used in harsh environments if properly encapsulated, as demonstrated by Seikoh-Giken Corp. 24 However, the centimeter footprint of the MZI is a hindrance to the minimally invasive measurement of E-fields. Reflection-based configurations 24,79 allow to address this issue and ease manipulation: the MZ is half-cut and ends with a mirror so that only one fiber is required.…”

Section: Bulk Electro-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1960s and the development of the first electro-optical (EO) E-field sensors, 19,20 Pockels-based probes have experienced great success due to their intrinsic wide BW extending from DC to several THz, 21,22 their associated subpicosecond temporal resolution, 23 and their dielectric-and therefore minimally invasive-nature. By inducing a linear variation of the refractive index as a function of electric field components, the Pockels effect offers the additional advantage of enabling vector measurements, even in the most severe environments such as plasmas, 24,25 lightning, 26 gas insulation substations, or ultra-high voltage transmission towers. 27 In the past, several comprehensive studies of Pockels-based probes have illustrated the attractive properties of EO sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Behague

Calero

Coste

et al. 2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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The measurement of microwave electric-field (E-field) exposure is an ever-evolving subject that has recently led the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection to change its recommendations. With frequencies increasing toward terahertz (THz), stimulated by 5G deployment, the measurement specifications reveal ever more demanding challenges in terms of bandwidth (BW) and miniaturization. We propose a focus on minimally invasive E-field sensors, which are crucial for the in situ and near-field characterization of E-fields both in harsh environments such as plasmas and in the vicinity of emitters. We browse the large varieties of measurement devices, among which the electro-optic (EO) probes stand out for their potential of high BW up to THz, minimal invasiveness, and ability of vector measurements. We describe and compare the three main categories of EO sensors, from bulk systems to nanoprobes. First, we show how bulk-sensors have evolved toward attractive fibered systems that are advantageously employed in plasmas, resonance magnetic imagings chambers or for radiation-pattern imaging up to THz frequencies. Then we describe how the integration of waveguides helps to gain robustness, lateral resolution, and sensitivity. The third part is dedicated to the ultra-miniaturization of components allowing ultimate steps toward electromagnetic invisibility. This review aims at pointing out the recent evolutions over the past 10 years, with a highlight on the specificities of each photonic architecture. It also shows the way to future multi-physics and multi-arrays smart sensing platforms. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…An ultrafast optical Faraday effect induced by the circularly laser field has been theoretically proposed 17 Under the electric field, some material shows an intense electro-optic effect, e.g., the Pockels effect and the Kerr effect. The electro-optic effect is utilized to probe the waveform of the THz field, and ultrafast phenomena such as laser-accelerated electron bunch 18 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Attosecond electro-optic effect in zinc sulfide induced by a laser field

Otobe

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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An ultrafast anisotropic electro-optic effect of the zinc sulfide crystal is predicted employing a numerical pump-probe simulation. The numerical results indicate that the time-dependence of the anisotropic response of ZnS exhibits a phase shift with respect to the pump laser field. The phase shift coincides with the time-resolved dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect, which is the modulation of the isotropic part of the dielectric function. While the probe frequency dependence around the band gap is not intense, it becomes intense at higher photon energies of approximately 42 eV.In the last two decades, advances in laser sciences and technologies have led to the availability of intense coherent light sources with different characteristics. Ultrashort laser pulses can be as short as few tens of attoseconds, leading to the development of the new field of attosecond science 1 . Intense laser pulses of mid-infrared (MIR) or terahertz (THz) frequencies have also recently become available 2,3 . By employing these extreme sources of coherent light, investigating the optical response of materials in real-time with sub-optical cycle resolution is possible 1,4-8 .The dielectric function ε αβ (ω) is the most fundamental quantity characterizing the optical properties of matter. The dielectric function observed in an ultrafast pumpprobe experiment can be further considered as a probe time (T p )-dependent function, ε αβ (T p , ω). We determined the sub-cycle change in the optical properties, i.e., the time-resolved dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect (Tr-DFKE), which corresponds to the response of the dressed states and quantum path interference of different dressed states 9-13 . In particular, this ultrafast change exhibits an interesting phase shift that depends on the field amplitude and probe frequency. By utilizing this phenomenon, we can develop an ultrafast optical modulator or an ultrafast optical switch.Recently, the Tr-DFKE was experimentally observed by a near-infrared (NIR)-pump extreme ultraviolet (EUV)-probe with attosecond time resolution for polycrystalline diamond 14,15 . A similar effect was also observed in an excitonic state in a GaAs quantum well by THz-pump NIR-probe spectroscopy 16 . However, because the signal by the Tr-DFKE is small, the high precision measurement or intense pump field is required.The diagonal parts represent ε αα the isotropic response, whereas the off-diagonal parts ε αβ (α = β) represent the anisotropic response. Because the anisotropic response can be detected as the polarization direction, it is sensitive to the change of signal. The magnetic field and electric field can induce anisotropic properties in isotropic materials. An ultrafast optical Faraday effect induced by the circularly laser field has been theoretically proposed 17 Under the electric field, some material shows an intense electro-optic effect, e.g., the Pockels effect and the Kerr effect. The electro-optic effect is utilized to probe the waveform of the THz field, and ultrafast phenomena such as laser-accelerated electron bun...

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Electro-optic probe measurements of electric fields in plasmas

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

A Novel Self-Aware Dynamic Mesh Refinement Technique for Plasma Fluid Simulations of Microwave Breakdown

A Novel Self-Aware Dynamic Mesh Refinement Technique for Plasma Fluid Simulations of Microwave Breakdown

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Attosecond electro-optic effect in zinc sulfide induced by a laser field

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