Electro-osmo-dialysis through nanoporous layers physically conjugated to micro-perforated ion-exchange membranes: Highly selective accumulation of trace coions

Quantitative Decoupling of Diffusion and Electromigration of Ions across Membranes in Flow Capacitive Deionization Device

“…19,20 The direction of electric migration is opposite to that of electric field, and the direction of diffusion depends on the direction of concentration gradient formed by the electrode solution and the feed solution. 21 The schematic diagram of electromigration and diffusion direction in the situation of C f ≠ C e is shown in Figure 2d. When the electrode concentration is greater than the feed concentration (C f < C e ), the actual ion transfer was J = J m + J d (desalination), J = J m − J d (regeneration), where J m represents the ion transfer caused by electric migration, and J d represents the ion transfer caused by diffusion.…”

“…In the presence of an applied electric field, the ions are transferred from the feed liquid to the electrode through the ion-exchange membrane and then adsorbed by carbon particles. In such a process, the ionic transfer is affected by both electromigration and diffusion. , The direction of electric migration is opposite to that of electric field, and the direction of diffusion depends on the direction of concentration gradient formed by the electrode solution and the feed solution . The schematic diagram of electromigration and diffusion direction in the situation of C f ≠ C e is shown in Figure d.…”

Interaction of Potential Sources in Infinite 2D Arrays: Diffusion through Composite Membranes, Micro‐Electrochemistry, Entrance Resistance, and Other Examples

“…The contribution of the higher-order corrections in Equation (12) is not large, so the principal features are already captured by the very simple Equation (11). The leading term in the dimensionless potential drop is inversely proportional to the dimensionless source radius while the next-order term (the constant) starts to be noticeable (>5%) for source diameters as small as about 4% of the distance between them.…”

“…Examples are as diverse as evaporation of multiple sessile drops, water-vapor condensation on structured surfaces, [1,2] dissolution of nano-bubbles or nano-droplets attached to surfaces, [3] plant transpiration via stomata, [4] currentinduced concentration polarization of arrays of microelectrodes, [5][6][7] solvent and solute flows in thin-film composite membranes, [8] soil drainage using perforated tubes, [9,10] or fluid flows in composite materials containing perforated layers. [11,12] A useful mathematical idealization of such structures is impervious domains alternating with zones of extremely high "conductivity" (or permeability or diffusivity depending on the process). Perhaps the simplest relevant geometry is that of a flat 2D "screen" having regularly spaced "apertures" (Figure 1).…”

Efficient Removal of Chromium and Lead from Tanneries Effluent of Korangi Industrial Area Karachi Using Rotating Disk Mesh as Anode Electrode Electrocoagulation

“…Hence, the removal of these pollutants is a requirement for leather tanneries to meet the standards set by international environmental regulating organizations and to compete in the international leather goods market. Many researchers have applied various treatment technologies for the removal of heavy metals, such as adsorption [6], ion exchange [7], membrane separation [8], chemical precipitation [7] and electrodialysis [9]. The chemical precipitation method provides good metal removal efficiency; however, the main limitation of this method is the large amount of sludge generation [10].…”