Electroantennogram and Behavioral Responses ofAnastrepha suspensa(Diptera: Tephritidae) to Putrescine and Ammonium Bicarbonate Lures

Abstract

At present, the most effective synthetic lures for pest Anastrepha fruit flies are multicomponent blends that include ammonia and the diamine synergist putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane). Both chemicals generally have been regarded as protein cues that result in female-biased attraction. Using electroantennography (EAG) and flight tunnel bioassays, this study evaluated response of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) to vapors released from commercial lure formulations of ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine. Over a range of doses tested, EAG response to ammonium bicarbonate was equivalent for both sexes, but female response was significantly greater than male response to putrescine and to a 1:1 mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine. Amplitude of EAG response to the mixture was approximately equal to the summation of responses to the individual substrates. Using a fixed dose of substrate, EAG measurements from females 1-14 d old indicated that antennal sensitivity to both lures varied according to physiological state of the fly. Peak response to ammonium bicarbonate was recorded from immature females, peak response to putrescine from sexually mature females. In bioassays, more females were captured with ammonium bicarbonate plus putrescine than with ammonium bicarbonate alone. This difference was not observed in males, resulting in a higher female to male ratio in captures with ammonium bicarbonate plus putreseine (3:1) versus ammonium bicarbonate alone (1:1). Results suggest that separate olfactory receptors are involved in detection of the two semiochemicals, and that the putrescine component is primarily responsible for the female-biased attraction.

Evaluations of Mosquito Age Grading Techniques Based on Morphological Changes

“…Effective pest management depends on determining the movement of mature females. Studies have found that the response of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) to proteinaceous odors and distance of attraction varied with sexual maturity of the females (Kendra 2009;Kendra et al 2010). Physiological age and parity have not yet been investigated in the oriental fruit fly, a major economic pest in tropical and subtropical fruit-producing areas in Asia and Hawaii (Seo et al 1982;Vargas et al 1983;Mau et al 2007).…”

<I>Xyleborus glabratus</I>, <I>X. affinis</I>, and <I>X. ferrugineus</I> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Electroantennogram Responses to Host-Based Attractants and Temporal Patterns in Host-Seeking Flight

“…ax/(b ϩ x), where x represents the substrate dose in milliliters of saturated vapor, y represents the normalized EAG response, and the coefÞcients a and b represent maximum EAG response and receptor binding afÞnity, respectively. Hyperbolic equations commonly are used for ligand-binding studies, and have been shown previously to serve well for characterization of EAG doseÐresponse relationships in insects (Kendra et al 2008(Kendra et al , 2009Niogret et al 2011b;Jenkins et al 2012). The EAG regression equations were as follows: manuka oil lure: y ϭ 77.42x/(0.74 ϩ x), R 2 ϭ 0.986; phoebe oil lure: y ϭ 106.15x/(0.96 ϩ x), R 2 ϭ 0.979; and silkbay wood volatiles: y ϭ 105.93x/(0.61 ϩ x), R 2 ϭ 0.982.…”

“…EAG responses were measured initially in millivolts (peak height of depolarization) and then normalized to percentages relative to the EAG response obtained with ethanol. Normalization with a standard chemical corrects for time-dependent variability (decline) in antennal performance, and also allows for comparison of relative EAG responses obtained with different substrates (Kendra et al 2008) and with different cohorts of test insects (Kendra et al 2005(Kendra et al , 2009). Response to the negative control then was subtracted from the normalized test responses to remove any "pressure shock" caused by sample injection volume.…”

‘Smelling’ the cerebrospinal fluid: olfactory signaling molecules are expressed in and mediate chemosensory signaling from the choroid plexus

“…It is interesting to note the similar amplitude of the CP responses to all polyamines tested, which is much higher than that of the amino acids. Polyamines were previously described as potent olfactory stimuli in three fish species where odorants are detected in water, rather than air [23,24,45], and in fruit flies [47], and cadaverineresponsive olfactory sensory neurons have been identified in mouse [48,49]. Furthermore, a specific TAAR-type receptor, TAAR13c, has been implicated in the olfactory detection of cadaverine in zebra fish [50], but it had only 51% homology to TAAR4, the rat homolog.…”