Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of female athletes

George, Keith; Wolfe, Larry A.; Burggraf, Gary W.; NORMAN, ROSEMARY

doi:10.1249/00005768-199510000-00003

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The mean wall thickness (ST: 9.0 vs 6.9, PWT 8.7 vs 8.0) and LVM (157.5 vs 134.0) of the weightlifters are greater than those reported for resistance-trained athletes (George et al 1995). George et al (1995) included sprinters, jumpers and throwers within their resistancetrained group who may have been involved in a degree of aerobic-based training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…George et al (1995) included sprinters, jumpers and throwers within their resistancetrained group who may have been involved in a degree of aerobic-based training. The mean LVIDd of the athletes in the study by George et al (1995) is higher (48.6 vs 46.2) than that of the current weightlifters and thus supports the contention that they were not purely resistance trained. Pelliccia et al (1996) did not include (Pelliccia et al 1996), were similar to that of the weightlifters in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whilst some cross-sectional studies exist (Pelliccia et al 1996;George et al 1995) there are no data for elite female weightlifters. Studies of females have either not scaled structural data or scaled for dierences in body dimensions (usually body surface area) via a ratio-standard approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echocardiographic evidence of concentric left ventricular enlargement in female weight lifters

George

Batterham

Jones

1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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In this study we investigated resting left ventricular structure and function in elite female weight-lifters. Fifteen National Squad members [mean age (SD) 25 (6) years] were compared to a recreationally active control group [n = 46, 23 (3) years]. Subjects were matched for body mass, body surface area and fat free mass, but the controls were slightly taller (P<0.01). Athletes and controls demonstrated similar resting heart rates and blood pressures. Septal wall (ST), posterior wall (PWT) and left ventricular internal dimension in diastole and systole (LVIDd and LVIDs, respectively) were measured from M-mode echocardiograms. Calculations were made for left ventricular mass (LVM), mass-volume ratio (m:V), wall-thickness-cavity dimension ratio (h:R) and systolic function. Left ventricular filling velocities were determined via Doppler echocardiography. ST [9.0 (1.1) v.s. 7.7 (1.0) mm] and PWT [8.7 (1.4) v.s. 7.5 (1.3) mm] were greater, whereas LVIDd [46.2 (2.8) v.s. 48.4 (3.4) mm] was smaller in the weight-lifters (P<0.05). After allometrically adjusting for differences in height, the weight-lifters had a greater ST, PWT and LVM (P<0.05) and similar LVIDd. Both m:V and h:R were increased in the weightlifters (P<0.05). All functional data were within normal limits and no group differences were observed. The female weight-lifters demonstrated a concentric left ventricular enlargement that was not detrimental to left ventricular performance at rest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echocardiographic evidence of concentric left ventricular enlargement in female weight lifters

George

Batterham

Jones

1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…3,4,7,16,23,24 Although resistance training may have some effect on LV internal diameter, it is not reduced due to the pressure overload as in hypertension or other forms of induced cardiomyopathy pressure-overload. 7 As observed above, LV mass can increase due to an increase in either ventricular wall thickness or internal dimensions.…”

Section: Cardiac Structure and LV Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Resistance Training on Ventricular Function and Hypertrophy in a Rat Model

Baraúna¹,

Rosa²,

Irigoyen³

et al. 2007

Clinical Medicine & Research

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to follow the ventricular function and cardiac hypertrophy in rats undergoing a resistance-training program for a period of 3 months.Design: Forty animals were divided into two major groups: control (n=16) and resistance trained (n=24). From the resistance-trained group, 12 animals were resistance trained for 1 month and another 12 for 3 months.The resistance-training protocol was performed with 4 sets of 12 repetitions using 65% to 75% of one repetition maximum (maximum lifted weight with the exercise apparatus). Methods:Echocardiographic analysis was performed at the beginning of the resistance-training period and at the end of each month. The repetition maximum was measured every 2 weeks. Cardiac hypertrophy was determined by echocardiography, by the absolute weight of the cardiac chambers and by histology of the left ventricle.Results: Before resistance training, both groups had similar repetition maximums, ranging from 1.8-fold to 2-fold the body weight; however, at the end of the resistance-training period, the repetition maximum of the resistance-trained group was 6-fold greater than the body weight.The left ventricular mass as assessed by echocardiography was 8%, 12% and 16% larger in the resistance-trained group than in the control group in the first, second and third months, respectively.This hypertrophy showed a similar increase in the interventricular septum and in the free posterior wall mass. There was no reduction in the end-diastolic left ventricular internal diameter during the 3-month resistance-training period. Systolic function did not differ between the groups throughout the resistance-training period. Conclusion:Resistance training induces the development of concentric cardiac hypertrophy without ventricular dysfunction or cavity reduction. Although diastolic function was not completely investigated, we cannot exclude the possibility that resistance training results in diastolic dysfunction. Resi stance training, also known as weight or strength training, is a specialized method of conditioning designed to increase muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle power. In response to this kind of training, both skeletal and cardiac muscle adapts. The main muscle adaptation of the athlete's body is the increase in size or mass (hypertrophy) of type II skeletal muscle cells 1 and cardiac hypertrophy. However, different from hypertensive conditions when pressure overload is continuous, the cardiovascular response to this exercise model is characterized by the intermittent increase in blood pressure during exercise. 2 Due to the pressure overload during exercise, practitioners of modalities such as weight training develop a cardiac hypertrophy different from those practitioners of sports with a high dynamic component (e.g., running). This hypertrophy is characterized by increases in the left ventricular (LV) wall and no changes in the diameter of the LV cavity in diastole. Thus, these athletes are presumed to develop concentric LV

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“…However, both types of sports could be of limited impact on changes in cardiac morphology (9,10,21). Among other factors, the development of cardiac remodelling in response to exercise training has been shown to be influenced by gender (19,20,24), and it remains questionable whether females are capable of developing the same extent and type of cardiac morphological alterations when subjected to similar training as males (8,12,31). Fitness sport is a class of physique-exhibition event mostly for women, which has recently gained large popularity in many countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cardiac size of high-volume resistance trained female athletes: shaping the body but not the heart

Venckūnas

Simonavičius

Marcinkeviciene

2016

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Introduction: Exercise training, besides many health benefits, may result in cardiac remodelling which is dependent on the type and amount of exercise performed. It is not clear, however, whether significant adaptation in cardiac structure is possible in females undergoing resistance type of exercise training. Rigorous high volume training of most muscle groups emphasising resistance exercises are being undertaken by athletes of some aesthetic sports such as female fitness (light bodybuilding). The impact of this type of training on cardiac adaptation has not been investigated until now. The aim of the current study was to disclose the effect of high volume resistance training on cardiac structure and function. Methods: 11 top-level female fitness athletes and 20 sedentary age-matched controls were recruited to undergo two-dimensional echocardiography. Results: Cardiac structure did not differ between elite female fitness athletes and controls (p > 0.05), and fitness athletes had a tendency for a smaller (p = 0.07) left ventricular (LV) mass indexed to lean body mass. Doppler diastolic function index (E/A ratio) and LV ejection fraction were similar between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Elite female fitness athletes have normal cardiac size and function that do not differ from matched sedentary controls. Consequently, as high volume resistance training has no easily observable effect on adaptation of cardiac structure, when cardiac hypertrophy is present in young resistance-trained lean female, other reasons such as inherited cardiac disease are to be considered carefully.

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Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of female athletes

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Echocardiographic evidence of concentric left ventricular enlargement in female weight lifters

Echocardiographic evidence of concentric left ventricular enlargement in female weight lifters

Effects of Resistance Training on Ventricular Function and Hypertrophy in a Rat Model

Cardiac size of high-volume resistance trained female athletes: shaping the body but not the heart

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