Electrocardiographic Changes Due to Vagosympathetic Coactivation During the Trigeminocardiac Reflex

The trigemino-cardiac reflex in adults: own experience

“…The relationship between bradycardia depth and tension shows that the occurrence of the TCR differs, explaining the wide range of TCR incidence in previous studies. It seems likely that the difference in incidence in previous data is mainly owing to differences in the analysis of measurement in HR technique, and the tension applied on the trigeminal nerve itself or structures innervated by it [2,5,15,18,[31][32][33][34][35]. This is also apparent in our own experience.…”

The Importance of the Trigeminal Cardiac Reflex in Rhinoplasty Surgery

“…It is known that autonomic inf luences on heart are generally weak. 16,20 Parasympathetic fibers primarily innervate the atria and conducting tissues. In contrast, sympathetic fibers are more widely distributed throughout the heart.…”

“…It is likely that activation of both sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction and parasympathetic-mediated bradycardia produced characteristic ECG changes. 16,20 In conscious rabbits, during nasopharyngeal ref lex, vagally mediated bradycardia was associated with simultaneous shortening of the QT interval. 21 It may be that simultaneously increased vagal effects on the sinoatrial node coupled with enhanced sympathetic effects on the ventricular myocardium facilitate arrhythmogenesis.…”

Photic Sneeze Reflex: Another Variant of the Trigeminocardiac Reflex?

“…In clinical neuroscience, the TCR has been reported to occur during skull base surgery and in different neurological disorders [5,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Apart from these numerous clinical reports published during the last 20 years, the physiological mechanisms and function of the TCR have not yet been fully explored, even so, detailed neurobiological studies exist [41].…”