Electrocatalysis and the chlorine evolution reaction—II. Comparison of anode materials

Harrison, J.A.; Caldwell, D. L.; White, Ralph E.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(84)87048-6

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…13 The These values are in agreement with the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism considering electrochemical desorption of chlorine as the rate-limiting step. 7,23,48 From this mechanism, the charge transfer coefficients, α, were found to be 0.54 at 60…”

Section: B Polarization Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 The bubbles have sometimes been associated with positive effects due to the improvement of mass transfer, 38 but more often have been identified as an inconvenience since bubbles create additional ohmic resistance and blockage of the electrode surface. 23 Moreover, the accumulation of gases on the electrode, which can vary as a function of time, makes the current fluctuate and EIS analysis impossible to perform. 39,40 A horizontal orientation with the electrode facing upwards facilitates bubble rise through the electrolyte solution and avoids bubble coalescence at the electrode surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EIS has been employed in kinetic studies of chlorine evolution on platinum [11][12][13] but not on DSA electrodes. It has been used to characterize DSA anodes in low concentration chloride solutions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] at low potentials, 1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl to 1.18 V vs Ag/AgCl, 22,23 which corresponds to current densities up to 10 mA cm −2 . These conditions are far from those used industrially for producing chlorine, where the current densities reach 400 mA cm −2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different cell designs have been made in order to accommodate specially shaped electrodes 26 or to meet restrictions regarding electrode exposure to the electrolyte. 33 For instance, for testing electrodes for which only one face is allowed to contact the electrolyte, the rest is protected by a Teflon holder 23,34 or with inert components such as epoxy resins. 35 An alternative approach is to machine a hole in one cell wall so that the electrode surface is flushed with the internal cell body wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical cell design for the impedance studies of chlorine evolution at DSA® anodes

Silva

Dias

Araújo

et al. 2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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A new electrochemical cell design suitable for the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies of chlorine evolution on Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA ® ) has been developed. Despite being considered a powerful tool, EIS has rarely been used to study the kinetics of chlorine evolution at DSA anodes. Cell designs in the open literature are unsuitable for the EIS analysis at high DSA anode current densities for chlorine evolution because they allow gas accumulation at the electrode surface. Using the new cell, the impedance spectra of the DSA anode during chlorine evolution at high sodium chloride concentration (5 mol dm −3 NaCl) and high current densities (up to 140 mA cm −2 ) were recorded. Additionally, polarization curves and voltammograms were obtained showing little or no noise. EIS and polarization curves evidence the role of the adsorption step in the chlorine evolution reaction, compatible with the Volmer-Heyrovsky and Volmer-Tafel mechanisms. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

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Section: B Polarization Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrochemical cell design for the impedance studies of chlorine evolution at DSA® anodes

Silva

Dias

Araújo

et al. 2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…In addition, hypochlorite, an important oxidizing agent and mediator in waterlwastewater treatment and organic synthesis, is formed from chlorine molecules in neutral and basic solutions via THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, VOLUME 77, DECEMBER, 1999 Cl2+0H-= HClO + C1- (Trasatti, 1987;Harrison et al, 1983Harrison et al, , 1984Kelsall, 1984). Thus, the development of electrocatalysts for this anodic process is still an interesting topic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Hypochlorite production on Ru‐Sn binary oxide electrode and its application in treatment of dye wastewater

Yang

1999

Can J Chem Eng

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Ruthenium-tin binary oxides [(Ru+Sn)02] were coated on titanium substrates by thermal decomposition. The surface morphologies and elemental analyses of these electrodes were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behaviours were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and linear-scan voltammetry (LSV) methods. The effects of electrolysis condition for the current efficiency (CE) of hypochlorite production on binary (Ru+Sn)02 electrodes and the treatment of a high salt-containing dye wastewater using this hypochlorite were also investigated. The highest CE for hypochlorite production exists on an RS3 (40 to 80 mol% Sn in coating solution) electrode. The major factors influencing CE for hypochlorite production are the electrolyte flow rate, current density, and chloride (Cl-) concentration. Major factors affecting energy yield are current density, CI-concentration, and electrode distance. For low current density (300 mA.cm-2), high CI-concentration (1 mol .L-l), and 0.45 cm electrode separation, a high specific energy is obtained. The RS3 electrode exhibits the best removal of organics and chromophor groups in the dye wastewater. On this electrode, better removal of organics and chromophor groups is obtained at 300 mA.crnp2. The colour of blackred dye wastewater becomes light yellow when a charge of 792 A.min was passed, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of this wastewater is decreased from 10500 mgL-I to 1250 mg.L-l.Des oxydes binaires de ruthenium-etain [(Ru+Sn)02] ont ete enduits sur des substrats de titane par decomposition thermique. Les morphologies de surface et les analyses elementaires de ces electrodes ont ete examinees par microscopie electronique a balayage. Les comportements electrochimiques ont ete caracterises par des methodes de voltametrie cyclique (CV) et voltametrie a balayage lineaire (LSV). On a egalement etudie les effets des conditions de I'electrolyse sur le rendement de courant (CE) lors de la production d'hypochlorite sur des electrodes binaires (Ru+Sn)02 et le traitement d'une eau usee de teinture a haute teneur en sel a I'aide de cette hypochlorite. Le meilleur CE pour la production d'hypochlorite est celle de I'electrode RS3 (40 a 80% molaire de Sn dans la solution d'enduit). Les principaux facteurs influenqant le CE pour la production d'hypochlorite sont le debit de I'electrolyte, la densite de courant et la concentration de chlorure (Cl-). Les principaux facteurs qui influent sur le rendement energetique sont la densite de courant, la concentration de CI-et la distance entre les electrodes. Pour une faible densite de courant (300 mA.cm-% une forte concentration de CI-(I mo1.L-I) et une separation des electrodes de 0,45 cm, on obtient une energie specifique elevee. L'electrode RS3 montre le meilleur retrait des groupes organiques et chromophores dans I'eau usee de teinture. Sur cette electrode, le meilleur retrait des groupes organiques et chromophores est obtenu a 300 mA.cm-2. La couleur rouge-noire de I'eau usee de teinture devient jaune plle lorsqu'u...

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ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCATALYSIS AND THE CHLORINE EVOLUTION REACTION ‐ II. COMPARISON OF ANODE MATERIALS

Harrison¹,

Caldwell²,

White³

1984

Chemischer Informationsdienst

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Electrocatalysis and the chlorine evolution reaction—II. Comparison of anode materials

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

Electrochemical cell design for the impedance studies of chlorine evolution at DSA® anodes

Electrochemical cell design for the impedance studies of chlorine evolution at DSA® anodes

Hypochlorite production on Ru‐Sn binary oxide electrode and its application in treatment of dye wastewater

ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCATALYSIS AND THE CHLORINE EVOLUTION REACTION ‐ II. COMPARISON OF ANODE MATERIALS

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