Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis and Ammonia Fuel Cells

Jiao, Feng; Xu, Bingjun

doi:10.1002/adma.201805173

Cited by 268 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…wind or sun), and based on successive release via either direct combustion or earlier conversion to hydrogen. 3 The competitiveness of ammonia as an energy carrier for the accumulation of excess energy and its release "on-demand" has been assessed in several works. 4,5 Moreover, its relevance in the next-generation energy scenario is also connected to its presence (in trace amounts) in biofuels: indeed, ammonia is found in biogas as a by-product of anaerobic digestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental, theoretical and kinetic-modeling study of the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia

et al. 2020

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental, theoretical and kinetic-modeling study of the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia

et al. 2020

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“…[6] At present, the industrial-scale production of ammonia still relies heavily on the Haber-Bosch process, which was developed in the early 1900s. [7] This process takes place under harsh conditions (about 450 °C and 300 bar), is energy intensive, and emits massive amounts of greenhouse gases. [8] There are several advantages in electrocatalytic NRR for ammonia synthesis: at first, the required electricity can be supplied by green energy sources, such as solar, tide, wind, etc.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the Catalytic Preference of Ruthenium Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction by Atomic Dispersion

White

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

181

121

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Developing cost-effective, high-performance nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) electrocatalysts is required for the production of green and low-cost ammonia under ambient conditions. Here, a strategy is proposed to adjust the reaction preference of noble metals by tuning the size and local chemical environment of the active sites. This proof-of-concept model is realized by single ruthenium atoms distributed in a matrix of graphitic carbon nitride (Ru SAs/g-C 3 N 4 ). This model is compared, in terms of the NRR activity, to bulk Ru. The as-synthesized Ru SAs/g-C 3 N 4 exhibits excellent catalytic activity and selectivity with an NH 3 yield rate of 23.0 µg mg cat −1 h −1 and a Faradaic efficiency as high as 8.3% at a low overpotential (0.05 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode), which is far better than that of the bulk Ru counterpart. Moreover, the Ru SAs/g-C 3 N 4 displays a high stability during five recycling tests and a 12 h potentiostatic test. Density functional theory calculations reveal that compared to bulk Ru surfaces, Ru SAs/g-C 3 N 4 has more facile reaction thermodynamics, and the enhanced NRR performance of Ru SAs/g-C 3 N 4 originates from a tuning of the d-electron energies from that of the bulk to a single-atom, causing an up-shift of the d-band center toward the Fermi level.can maximize metal utilization. Since SACs have unique catalytic sites, they usually exhibit a distinct catalytic selectivity as compared to their nanoclusters or nanoparticle counterparts. [2] For example, single atomic Pt immobilized in the surface of Ni nanocrystals shows a higher activity and chemoselectivity toward the hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene. [3] Isolated Co single-site catalysts anchored on a N-doped porous carbon nanobelt exhibits an excellent catalytic performance for oxidation of ethylbenzene with 98% conversion and 99% selectivity, whereas the Co nanoparticles are essentially inert. [4] Moreover, atomic Ni-anchored covalent triazine framework has a remarkable selectivity for the conversion of CO 2 to CO, with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of > 90% over the range of −0.6 to −0.9 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). [5] In view of these reported works, it is evident that the size of metal particles is a key factor in determining their catalytic performance, and decreasing the size offers an intriguing opportunity to alter the activity and selectivity of these metal catalysts. SACs, as the limit of size reduction, hold great potential to achieve high activity and selectivity in catalytic reactions.Recently, the electrocatalytic N 2 reduction reaction (NRR) in aqueous electrolytes for synthesizing ammonia at ambient

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“…For example, in nonthermal plasmas, the temperature of electrons reaches 10 5 K because of their small mass, whereas large-mass ions/molecules and background gas are observed at RT. This finding is favorable for an exothermic process such as NH 3 synthesis [164] and could also reduce sintering or coking of catalysts. The highly reactive electrons, ions, atoms, and radicals in the plasma also greatly boost the kinetics, enabling NH 3 production at RT and atmospheric pressure [165].…”

Section: Plasma Catalysis For Ammonia Productionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Alternative Strategies Toward Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis

Wang

Gong

2020

Trans. Tianjin Univ.

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As one of the world's most produced chemicals, ammonia (NH 3 ) is synthesized by Haber-Bosch process. This century-old industry nourishes billions of people and promotes social and economic development. In the meantime, 3%-5% of the world's natural gas and 1%-2% of the world's energy reserves are consumed, releasing millions of tons of carbon dioxide annually to the atmosphere. The urgency of replacing fossil fuels and mitigating climate change motivates us to progress toward more sustainable methods for N 2 reduction reaction based on clean energy. Herein, we overview the emerging advancement for sustainable N 2 fixation under mild conditions, which include electrochemical, photo-, plasma-enabled and homogeneous molecular NH 3 productions. We focus on NH 3 generation by electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. We clarify the features and progress of each kind of NH 3 synthesis process and provide promising strategies to further promote sustainable ammonia production and construct state-of-the-art catalytic systems.

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Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis and Ammonia Fuel Cells

Cited by 268 publications

References 19 publications

An experimental, theoretical and kinetic-modeling study of the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia

An experimental, theoretical and kinetic-modeling study of the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia

Tuning the Catalytic Preference of Ruthenium Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction by Atomic Dispersion

Alternative Strategies Toward Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis

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