Electrochemical and Infrared Studies of a Model Bilayer of the Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria and its Interaction with polymyxin─the Last-Resort Antibiotic

Abstract

A model bilayer of the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria, composed of lipid A and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE), was assembled on the β-Tg modified gold (111) single crystal surface using a combination of Langmuir−Blodgett and Langmuir−Schaefer transfer. Electrochemical and spectroscopic methods were employed to study the properties of the model bilayer and its interaction with polymyxin. The model bilayer is stable on the gold surface in the transmembrane potential region between 0.0 and −0.7 V. The presence of Mg 2+ coordinates with the phosphate and carboxylate groups in the leaflet of lipid A and stabilizes the structure of the model bilayer. Polymyxin causes the model bilayer leakage and damage in the transmembrane potential region between 0.2 and −0.4 V. At transmembrane potentials lower than −0.5 V, polymyxin does not affect the membrane integrity. Polymyxin binds to the phosphate and carboxylate groups in lipid A molecules and causes the increase of the tilt angle of acyl chains and the decrease of the tilt of the C�O bond. The results in this paper indicate that the antimicrobial activity of polymyxin depends on the transmembrane potential at the model bilayer and provides useful information for the development of new antibiotics.