Electrochemical behaviour of bromazepam and alprazolam and their determination in the pharmaceutical tablets Lexaurin and Xanax on carbon paste electrode

Samiec, Petr; Navrátilová, Zuzana

doi:10.1007/s00706-016-1859-7

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Developed analytical methods for the detection of alprazolam include high performance liquid chromatography [ 7 ], gas chromatography [ 8 ], UV-vis spectroscopy [ 9 ], and electrochemical techniques [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Electrochemical techniques are simple, inexpensive, and provide fast response times and good sensitivity [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

et al. 2021

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A simple and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry of alprazolam. Based on an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode, the sensor demonstrated good adsorption and electrochemical reduction of alprazolam. The morphology of the glassy carbon electrode and the electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of alprazolam were determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the analytical measurements were studied by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Optimized operational conditions included the concentration and deposition time of sulfuric acid in the electrochemical pretreatment, preconcentration potential, and preconcentration time. Under optimal conditions, the developed alprazolam sensor displayed a quantification limit of 0.1 mg L−1, a detection limit of 0.03 mg L−1, a sensitivity of 67 µA mg−1 L cm−2 and two linear ranges: 0.1 to 4 and 4 to 20 mg L−1. Sensor selectivity was excellent, and repeatability (%RSD < 4.24%) and recovery (82.0 ± 0.2 to 109.0 ± 0.3%) were good. The results of determining alprazolam in beverages with the developed system were in good agreement with results from the gas chromatography–mass spectrometric method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

et al. 2021

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“…CPE phenomenon for APZ and BMZ was diffusion and adsorption, respectively. LOQ reported was 4.2 × 10 −7 moldm −3 for APZ and 3.8 × 10 −7 moldm −3 for BMZ (Samiec & Navrátilová, 2017 ).…”

Section: Types Of Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composites for the Detection and Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Biological and Environmental Matrices

Rizwan

Selvanathan

Rasool

et al. 2022

Water Air Soil Pollut

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The production of synthetic drugs is considered a huge milestone in the healthcare sector, transforming the overall health, aging, and lifestyle of the general population. Due to the surge in production and consumption, pharmaceutical drugs have emerged as potential environmental pollutants that are toxic with low biodegradability. Traditional chromatographic techniques in practice are time-consuming and expensive, despite good precision. Alternatively, electroanalytical techniques are recently identified to be selective, rapid, sensitive, and easier for drug detection. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are known for their intrinsic porous nature, high surface area, and diversity in structural design that provides credible drug-sensing capacities. Long-term reusability and maintaining chemo-structural integrity are major challenges that are countered by ligand–metal combinations, optimization of synthetic conditions, functionalization, and direct MOFs growth over the electrode surface. Moreover, chemical instability and lower conductivities limited the mass commercialization of MOF-based materials in the fields of biosensing, imaging, drug release, therapeutics, and clinical diagnostics. This review is dedicated to analyzing the various combinations of MOFs used for electrochemical detection of pharmaceutical drugs, comprising antibiotics, analgesics, anticancer, antituberculosis, and veterinary drugs. Furthermore, the relationship between the composition, morphology and structural properties of MOFs with their detection capabilities for each drug species is elucidated.

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“…Alprazolam: 2016 adverse effects from counterfeit Alprazolam tablets [ 1 ]; Bromazepam and Alprazolam determination by CV and PV in pharmaceutical tablets Lexauring and Xanax [ 2 ]; 2017 microextraction method based on ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification and solidification procedure with HPLC for quantification of alprazolam and chlordiazepoxide [ 3 ]; detection of alprazolam with a lab on paper economical device integrated with urchin like Ag@ Pd shell nano-hybrids [ 4 ], PLS-LS-SVM based modeling of ATR-IR for detection and qualification of alprazolam [ 5 ], stability of Alprazolam, Atropine Sulfate, Glutamine, Levofloxacin, Metoprolol Tartrate, Nitrofurantoin, Ondansetron Hydrochloride, Oxandrolone, Pregabaline, and Riboflavin in oral suspensions [ 6 ]; Triazolaminoquinoline, 5-chloro-(5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) benzophenone, triazolbenzophenone, and a-hydroxyalprazolam were identified as degradation products of Alprazolam by fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC-MS [ 7 ].…”

Section: Routine and Improved Analyses Of Abused Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benzodiazepines: 2016 Direct-EI-LC-MS/MS determination and quantification of benzodiazepines (diazepam, flunitrazepam, Valium®, Rohypnol®) in small residues of beverages collected at the crime scene [ 137 ]; Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with a back extraction step based on using an immiscible organic solvent applied to benzodiazepines for analysis by GC-mu ECD [ 892 ]; HPLC-UV method for simultaneous analysis of six benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam, flurazepam, and lorazepam) was developed for forensic screening of adulterated non-alcoholic drinks [ 893 ]; Six benzodiazepine samples (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, midazolam, oxazepam, clonazepam, and nitrazepam) were separated and detected with LC-DART-MS [ 894 ]; 2017 voltammetric method was applied to analysis of benzodiazepines (BDZs) in the pharmaceutical preparations Lexaurin and Xanax [ 895 ]; Mercury-free and modification-free electroanalytical approach using boron-doped diamond electrodes for quantification of benzodiazepines, bromazepam and alprazolam [ 896 ]; Simultaneous quantification method for Escitalopram and Etizolam using LC-ESI-MS/MS [ 897 ]; UHPLC-ESI-TOF/MS method for the selective and sensitive separation, identification, and determination of selected designer benzodiazepines (pyrazolam, phenazepam, etizolam, flubromazepam, diclazepam, deschloroetizolam, bentazepam, nimetazepam, and flubromazolam) [ 898 ]; analytical cross-reactivity of 13 designer benzodiazepines in the CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunoassays [ 899 ]; 2018 availability from Internet suppliers and motivations for use of three benzodiazepines (diclazepam, flubromazepam, and pyrazolam) [ 900 ]; fabrication of magnetic zinc adeninate metal-organic frameworks for the extraction of benzodiazepines from urine and wastewater [ 901 ]; 2018 LLE-LTP and PS-MS method to identify and quantify benzodiazepines in beverages [ 902 ]; determination of benzodiazepines in beverages using green extraction methods and capillary HPLC-UV detection [ 903 ]; spectroscopic properties of 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-ethyl-9-methyl-6H-thieno [3,2-f] [1,2,4] triazolo [4,3-a] [1,4] diazepine were investigated using FT-IR and FT-Raman techniques [ 904 ]; 2019 biosensor for determination of alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide bis, diazepam, oxazepam and clonazepam [ 905 ]; voltammetric sensor for determination of clonazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, chiordiazepoxide, oxazepam [ 906 ]; HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of three benzodiazepines [ 907 ];…”

Section: Routine and Improved Analyses Of Abused Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%