Electrochemical Biosensing of Dopamine Neurotransmitter: A Review

Abstract

Neurotransmitters are biochemical molecules that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, thus being essential to the function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Dopamine is one of the most important catecholamine neurotransmitters since it is involved in many functions of the human central nervous system, including motor control, reward, or reinforcement. It is of utmost importance to quantify the amount of dopamine since abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is partially caused by the death of dopamine-secreting neurons. To date, various methods have been developed to measure dopamine levels, and electrochemical biosensing seems to be the most viable due to its robustness, selectivity, sensitivity, and the possibility to achieve real-time measurements. Even if the electrochemical detection is not facile due to the presence of electroactive interfering species with similar redox potentials in real biological samples, numerous strategies have been employed to resolve this issue. The objective of this paper is to review the materials (metals and metal oxides, carbon materials, polymers) that are frequently used for the electrochemical biosensing of dopamine and point out their respective advantages and drawbacks. Different types of dopamine biosensors, including (micro)electrodes, biosensing platforms, or field-effect transistors, are also described.

Role of Silver Nanoparticle-Doped 2-Aminodiphenylamine Polymeric Material in the Detection of Dopamine (DA) with Uric Acid Interference

“…This is supposed to accumulate on the WE's surface's multilayer and afterwards yields an e − towards the probe exterior as it is oxidized [23]. When target biomolecules are examined via a sensing substance deposited upon the anode electrode of an electrochemical biosensor, in the matter of DA, multiple electrochemical techniques (such as CA, CV, DPV) have been created since DA may be oxidized readily, leading to the appearance of dopamine-oquinone via a two-electron method [24]. The electrons liberated via DA during its oxidation induce currents, which can be linear based upon the absorption of the electroactive DA biomolecules, allowing quantifying these mixtures.…”

Ultrasensitive Dopamine Detection with Graphene Aptasensor Multitransistor Arrays

“…However, conventional analytical methodologies to monitor and detect dopamine, which include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and spectroscopy, rely on large-scale, expensive equipment, or require laborious sample preparation and long detection cycles [4], [5]. Novel emerging approaches have focused on miniaturized biosensors, primarily based on catalytic and electrochemical reactions, but have mostly lacked relevant selectivity and sensitivity [6], [7]. At present, the limit of detection (LOD) for dopamine sits at 0.5 fM [8], [9], but most methods have reduced sensitivity, and narrow working ranges between nM and μM concentrations [6], [7].…”

“…Novel emerging approaches have focused on miniaturized biosensors, primarily based on catalytic and electrochemical reactions, but have mostly lacked relevant selectivity and sensitivity [6], [7]. At present, the limit of detection (LOD) for dopamine sits at 0.5 fM [8], [9], but most methods have reduced sensitivity, and narrow working ranges between nM and μM concentrations [6], [7]. Additionally, many novel biosensors for dopamine and other neurotransmitters detection have complicated fabrication processes [6], [7] that pose constraints on miniaturization and integration, thus limiting dissemination, reproducibility, and the development of relevant research tools and point-of-care devices.…”

Electrochemical detection of dopamine using a simple redox cycling-based device

“…Currently, there is a growing interest in developing specific and low-cost biosensors that take advantage of the ease with which DA is oxidized on an electrode surface. In addition, the biosensors should be able to provide a sensitive response in the appropriate concentration range (0.01-1 μM for a healthy individual and in the nanomolar range for patients with Parkinson's disease) [2]. In this study, sensitive detection of DA was performed with a dual ITO microchip that can amplify the signal based on redox cycling.…”