Electrochemical biosensors based on nanomodified screen-printed electrodes: Recent applications in clinical analysis

Abstract

A B S T R A C TThis review addresses recent advances in the development of screen-printed electrode based biosensors modified with different nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metallic nanoparticles as gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, and mediator nanoparticles (Prussian Blue, Cobalt Phthalocyanine, etc.), coupled with biological recognition elements such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA and aptamers to obtain probes with improved analytical features. Examples of clinical applications are illustrated, together with examples of paper-based electrochemical devices, of multiple detections using arrays of screen printed electrodes, and of the most recent developments in the field of wearable biosensors. Also the use of smartphones as final detectors is briefly depicted.

Multiplexed Electrochemical Immunosensors for Clinical Biomarkers

“…Moreover, the small size of SPEs contributes to the great potential they have for POC tests, since allow sizing reduction of the electrochemical instrumentation down to small pocket-size devices. These disposable electrodes, characterized also by the low fabrication cost and the possibility for mass production [61], can be utilized with most of commercially available instruments using the most common electrochemical techniques: amperometry and differential pulse, or square wave voltammetry. Benchtop and portable instruments equipped with USB plugs, laptops or palm devices provided by various companies (PalmSens, DropSens and others) can be used for specific applications of immunosensors constructed with SPEs interfaced with personal computers or hand held devices such as smart phones.…”

Carbon/Inorganic Hybrid Nanoarchitectures as Carriers for Signaling Elements in Electrochemical Immunosensors: First Biosensor for the Determination of the Inflammatory and Metastatic Processes Biomarker RANK‐ligand

“…In this context, integrated immunosensing platforms implemented on the surface of disposable electrodes and making use of nanomaterials to achieve the high sensitivity required have proved to be competitive tools for the reliable and simple determination of relevant biomarkers in clinical samples of different nature after minimal pre‐treatment . In particular, carbon/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites exhibit a better behavior than its constituent nanomaterials due to the synergistic effect resulting from the combination of the properties of the individual components and have been employed to develop sensitive bioassays where they have been used as electrode modifiers, electroactive labels, nanocarriers for signaling elements, or combining these uses .…”

Recent Advances and Applications of Biosensors in Novel Technology

“…The miniaturization of electrochemical immunosensors on microfluidic stages can not only overcome the limitations of conventional methods, including long detection times and the use of large volumes of reagents but also expand the use of immunosensors as a point of care tools [8][9][10].…”