Electrochemical Biosensors: Electrode Development, Materials, Design, and Fabrication

Abstract

This paper reviews the engineering design of an electrochemical biosensor, particularly the main concepts of electrodes and the type of material selections, design, and fabrication method. Furthermore, the related theories and practical examples from existing literature are reviewed. Research is now directed toward the development of biosensors as important bioanalytical tools in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, food, and other consumer‐oriented industries. Currently, comprehensive guidelines on the selection of electrodes for electrochemical biosensors are unavailable. Factual options are important in determining the real‐time response of biosensors. Attempts to determine the best material and design for electrodes have no results because of the complexity of fabrication and the lifespan of the material chosen for the electrodes. This paper summarizes the trends in numerous studies on developing electrochemical biosensors. A better understanding of biosensors will greatly assist in the design of new and improved biosensors.

Design of a Sandwich Hierarchically Porous Membrane with Oxygen Supplement Function for Implantable Glucose Sensor

“…Generally, gold [11], platinum [36,37] and platinum-iridium [38,39] are often used as conventional glucose electrode bases, where GOD could be directly immobilized. However, these metals have poor hardness and have to be implanted through an auxiliary device, which makes it inconvenient for diabetic diagnosis.…”

“…However, miniaturization of sensors has several issues, such as small sensing area, structural change of GOD and acceleration of the enzyme deactivation by direct immobilization, which make it difficult to continuously monitor BG fluctuations [10]. Some studies have optimized the efficiency of electron transfer by increasing the number of active sites and the catalytic ability of immobilized enzyme on sensor surface [11][12][13][14]. One of the most promising methods is to modify the surface of bare electrodes by metal nanomaterials with high superficial area, excellent biocompatibility and catalytic properties [13][14][15][16].…”

Strategies for the Development of Metallic‐Nanoparticle‐Based Label‐Free Biosensors and Their Biomedical Applications

“…Modification of the current or potential in the solution produces an electronic signal with the help of at ransducer. [10] Electrochemical biosensors are further classified into potentiometry,a mperometry,v oltammetry,a nd impedance-based biosensors. [11] There are remarkable advantages of this biosensor,s uch as a low detection limit, aw ide range of linear responses, excellent stability, [12] and reproducibility,but not all molecules can participate in ar edox reaction, which limits its use.…”

“…First, the electrochemical biosensor is based on a redox reaction between electrolytic solutions or the electrode surface to the analyte, which influences the electric current or potential of the solution by the flow of electrons between them. Modification of the current or potential in the solution produces an electronic signal with the help of a transducer . Electrochemical biosensors are further classified into potentiometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and impedance‐based biosensors .…”

Glikoz/hava enzimatik yakıt hücresi kullanılarak tek çip üzerinde glikoz tayini

“…Furthermore, the development of a stable, cost-effective and reliable measuring system is of great importance in the medical, environmental and industrial fields [1]. Because of their fast response times, high sensitivity, high specificity, and accuracy, electrochemical biosensors are often preferred as a useful tool for the detection of such molecules [2]. Furthermore, these devices also stand out because of their suitability for miniaturization in the development of measurement systems that can be applied at the bedside and in daily life [3].…”