Electrochemical Biosensors in the Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Leukemias

Abstract

Until now, morphological assessment with an optical or electronic microscope, fluorescence in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, flow cytometry, polymerase chain reactions, and immunohistochemistry have been employed for leukemia identification. Nevertheless, despite their numerous different vantages, it is difficult to recognize leukemic cells correctly. Recently, the electrochemical evaluation with a nano-sensing interface seems an attractive alternative. Electrochemical biosensors measure the modification in the electrical characteristics of the nano-sensing interface, which is modified by the contact between a biological recognition element and the analyte objective. The implementation of nanosensors is founded not on single nanomaterials but rather on compilating these components efficiently. Biosensors able to identify the molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid are defined as DNA biosensors. Our review aimed to evaluate the literature on the possible use of electrochemical biosensors for identifying hematological neoplasms such as acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. In particular, we focus our attention on using DNA electrochemical biosensors to evaluate leukemias.

High-performance methylated DNA markers for the detection of cervical lesions at risk of malignant progression in low- and middle-income countries

“…Correlation of age to methylation. It is well established that human aging is associated with characteristic changes in DNA methylation throughout the genome [32][33][34]. To estimate the size of this effect in our markers, we t linear regression models between age and DNA methylation level (Additional le 1: Fig.…”