Electrochemical characterization of nano-sized gold electrodes fabricated by nano-lithography

Kleijn, Steven; Yanson, A. I.; Koper, Marc T. M.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.11.022

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…[276,277,279,280] Although very small electrodes can be routinely produced in this fashion, electrodes must be characterized individually before use by a range of techniques to determine the actual electrode surface area. [283][284][285][286][287] Alternatively, instead of decreasing the area of an encapsulated electrode material, the contact area of a macroscopic electrode with the electrolyte can be confined to effectively create an NSE. Optical lithography was initially employed for the fabrication of UME arrays [281,282] and electron beam lithography has subsequently been employed to prepare individual NSEs.…”

Section: Techniques and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optical lithography was initially employed for the fabrication of UME arrays [281,282] and electron beam lithography has subsequently been employed to prepare individual NSEs. [283][284][285][286][287] Alternatively, instead of decreasing the area of an encapsulated electrode material, the contact area of a macroscopic electrode with the electrolyte can be confined to effectively create an NSE. In scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), [111,[288][289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297][298] an electrolyte droplet at the end of a double-barreled theta capillary, which has been drawn to a very sharp tip, contacts a macroscopic electrode surface.…”

Section: Techniques and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles

et al. 2014

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Metal nanoparticles (NPs) find widespread application as a result of their unique physical and chemical properties. NPs have generated considerable interest in catalysis and electrocatalysis, where they provide a high surface area to mass ratio and can be tailored to promote particular reaction pathways. The activity of NPs can be analyzed especially well using electrochemistry, which probes interfacial chemistry directly. In this Review, we discuss key issues related to the electrochemistry of NPs. We highlight model studies that demonstrate exceptional control over the NP shape and size, or mass-transport conditions, which can provide key insights into the behavior of ensembles of NPs. Particular focus is on the challenge of ultimately measuring reactions at individual NPs, and relating the response to their structure, which is leading to imaginative experiments that have an impact on electrochemistry in general as well as broader surface and colloid science.

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Section: Techniques and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Techniques and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles

et al. 2014

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“…where 8.85×10 -12 F m -1 is the vacuum permittivity, 500 500 µm 2 is the area of the membrane (neglecting the pores) and 100 nm is the membrane thickness [47,48]. The calculated capacitance is 0.16 nF.…”

Section: Estimation Of Charging Timementioning

confidence: 98%

Chronoamperometric response at nanoscale liquid–liquid interface arrays

Sairi¹,

Strutwolf²,

Mitchell³

et al. 2013

Electrochimica Acta

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In this work, potential step chronoamperometry (PSCA) was used to study the behaviour of arrays of nanoscale interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (nanoITIES). The nanoITIES arrays were formed at nanoporous silicon nitride membranes containing 400 nanopores in a hexagonal close-packed arrangement. Three membrane designs, with nanopore radii of 75, 50 and 17 nm, were studied by ion-transfer of tetrapropylammonium cations across the nanopore array-supported water1,6-dichlorohexane interface. The cell time constants and charging times were determined prior to experimental PSCA. The three membrane designs studied exhibited charging times in the range of 0.08 s to 0.46 s, with the smallest pore configuration (17 nm radius) exhibiting the longest charging time. The experimental steady-state currents were 30-50 % lower than of the calculated inlaid disc model currents, due to diffusion zone overlap at adjacent interfaces. The three 1 ISE member 2 nano-interface arrays studied also showed response times of 6  1 s, being the time required to reach 95 % of the steady-state current.

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“…Zuerst wurden UME-Felder durch optische Lithographie hergestellt [281,282] und später Einzel-NSEs durch Elektronenstrahllithographie. [283][284][285][286][287] Anstatt durch die Verkleinerung der Fläche des eingeschlossenen Elektrodenmaterials kann eine NSE auch durch die Beschränkung der Kontaktfläche einer makroskopischen Elektrode mit dem Elektrolyt erzeugt werden. Bei der Rastermikroskopie mittels elektrochemischer Zelle (SECCM) [111,[288][289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297][298] steht ein Elektrolyttrçpfchen am Ende einer doppelläufigen Theta-Kapillare, die zu einer sehr scharfen Spitze ausgezogen ist, mit der makroskopischen Elektrodenoberfläche im Kontakt.…”

Section: Techniken Und Methodenunclassified

Elektrochemie von Nanopartikeln

et al. 2014

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Metall‐Nanopartikel (NPs) haben aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften ein großes Anwendungspotential. Für die Katalyse und Elektrokatalyse sind NPs vor allem wegen ihres großen Oberfläche‐Masse‐Verhältnisses und ihrer möglichen zielgerichteten Anpassung für bestimmte Reaktionspfade von Interesse. Die Aktivität von NPs kann insbesondere elektrochemisch, durch die direkte Analyse der Grenzflächenchemie, erforscht werden. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir Aspekte der Elektrochemie von NPs. Wir stellen Modelluntersuchungen vor, bei denen die Form und Größe der NPs außerordentlich genau kontrolliert werden konnten bzw. deren Stofftransportbedingungen wichtige Einblicke in das Verhalten von NP‐Ensembles geben. Besondere Schwerpunkte bilden die Messung von Reaktionen an Einzel‐NPs und die Beziehung zwischen dem Signal eines Einzel‐NP und seiner Struktur. Dafür wurden innovative Experimente entwickelt, die über die Elektrochemie hinaus auch für die breitere Oberflächen‐ und Kolloidwissenschaft von Interesse sind.

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Electrochemical characterization of nano-sized gold electrodes fabricated by nano-lithography

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles

Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles

Chronoamperometric response at nanoscale liquid–liquid interface arrays

Elektrochemie von Nanopartikeln

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