Electrochemical Creeping and Actuation of Polypyrrole in Ionic Liquid

Kaneto, Keiichi; Shinonome, Teruyuki; Tominaga, Kazuo; Takashima, Wataru

doi:10.1143/jjap.50.091601

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Creep is known to occur within loaded PPy films 33,34 . In addition, the plasticizing effect of solvent molecules incorporated into polymer films is also known 35,36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

Melling

Wilson

Jager

2013

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Micro-actuators have been developed that exploit the electrochemically induced volume change of the electro-active polymer polypyrrole. The strain regime is inherently complex at a physical level and whilst volume change can be estimated indirectly using, for instance, bending beam theory, such methods become unreliable for large deflections owing to limitations in the mathematical model. A new non-contact measuring technique based on laser micrometry is presented to characterize the timedependent expansion of electro-active films such as polypyrrole. Measurements have been made which demonstrate that the observed strain is dependent on film thickness. The new measurement technique is straightforward to perform and it is anticipated that it can be used for future materials development and performance assessment, including long term stability evaluations and operational failure studies of the films.

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“…Creep is known to occur within loaded PPy films 33,34 . In addition, the plasticizing effect of solvent molecules incorporated into polymer films is also known 35,36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

Melling

Wilson

Jager

2013

Smart Mater. Struct.

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“…This is attributed to an increase in solvent swelling and electrochemical creep 61,88 accompanying decreasing levels of crosslinking; behaviour which is well documented for other types of polymers and gels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…We have shown that a decrease in crosslinking (increased blocking) results in an increase in irreversible expansion. This is attributed to an increase in solvent swelling and electrochemical creep 61,88 accompanying decreasing levels of crosslinking; behaviour which is well documented for other types of polymers and gels. 89 All of the substituted homopolymer lms were of low mechanical strength and underwent brittle fracture and delamination within a few cycles when actuated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Controlling the electro-mechanical performance of polypyrrole through 3- and 3,4-methyl substituted copolymers

2015

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Conducting polymers such as polypyrrole are biocompatible materials used in bioelectronic applications and microactuators for mechanobiology and soft microrobotics. The materials are commonly electrochemically synthesised from an electrolyte solution comprising pyrrole monomers and a salt, which is incorporated as the counter ion. This electrosynthesis results in polypyrrole forming a threedimensional network with extensive cross-linking in both the alpha and beta positions, which impacts the electro-mechanical performance. In this study we adopt a 'blocking strategy' to restrict and control cross-linking and chain branching through beta substitution of the monomer to investigate the effect of crosslinking on the electroactive properties. Methyl groups where used as blocking groups to minimise the impact on the pyrrole ring system. Pyrrole, 3-and 3,4-methyl substituted pyrrole monomers were electro-polymerised both as homo-polymers and as a series of co-polymer films. The electroactive performance of the films was characterised by measuring their electrochemical responses and their reversible and non-reversible film thickness changes. This showed that altering the degree of crosslinking through this blocking strategy had a large impact on the reversible and irreversible volume change. These results elaborate the importance of the polymer structure in the actuator performance, an aspect that has hitherto received little attention.

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“…7.9 the electrochemical cycle of PPy in IL starts by reduction and swelling with cation doping, and never begins by oxidation [42]. This is explained as follows.…”

Section: Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Conducting Polymers

Kaneto¹

2014

Soft Actuators

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Soft actuators based on conducting polymers are discussed in terms of strain, stress and stability taking the mechanism into consideration. The actuation is generated by the insertion of anions from the electrolyte solution, which is triggered by electrochemical redox reactions. Characteristics of the actuation in polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) are described. The maximum strain and stress are reported to be 39.9 % and 22 MPa, respectively, in polypyrrole actuator. However, the strain is usually less than 10 %. The stress (contraction force) originates from the elasticity of conducting polymers or Young's modulus. Creeping under tensile loads, which is intimate issue in soft actuators, is discussed in terms of conformation change of polymer chains and shape memory effect. The actuation generated by sorption and desorption of moisture controlled with electrical heating is also introduced with the mechanism and characteristics.

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Electrochemical Creeping and Actuation of Polypyrrole in Ionic Liquid

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

Controlling the electro-mechanical performance of polypyrrole through 3- and 3,4-methyl substituted copolymers

Conducting Polymers

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