Electrochemical degradation of amoxicillin in acidic aqueous medium using TiO2-based electrodes modified by oxides of transition metals

Abstract

One of the most widely used antibiotics is amoxicillin (AMX), which is the most widely used in humans and animals, but it is discharged metabolically due to its indigestibility. Conventional biological and physicochemical methods for removing AMX from water are not enough to mineralize it, only it is concentrated and transferred to produce new residues that require further processing to remove the new residues.In this research, naked and modi ed surfaces with TiO 2 nanotubes (TiO 2,nt ) electrophoretically modi ed with PbO 2 , IrO 2 , RuO 2 , and Ta 2 O 5 were used to evaluate their e ciency in the electrochemical degradation of AMX in acid media (0.1 mol L − 1 H 2 SO 4 ). After their comparison, Pb-Ta 50:50|TiO 2,nt |Ti showed the highest removal e ciency of AMX (44.71 %) with the lowest speci c energy consumption (8.69 ± 0.78 kWh Kg COD − 1 ), and the average instant current e ciency of 26.67 ± 9.19 %, in comparison with the others naked and modi ed surfaces of TiO 2,nt |Ti.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogels for controlled amoxicillin release

“…The pyrrolidine rings of PVP in the hydrogel provide free volumes in the structure of the hydrogel, allowing more space for water molecules. 17,26 In comparison, in SIF and SCF (pH 6.8 and 7.4), the polymer chains deprotonate and condense; thus, the drug release is slower. Furthermore, delayed AMX release from the hydrogel is due to interactions of –C=O groups in the PVP structure with the –NH 2 and –OH groups of the AMX and the CS structures.…”

“…25 The liver metabolizes the drug into AMX acid and other derivatives, and ca. 60% of the orally administered drug is excreted mainly unchanged in urine within 6–8 h. 26 Overdose of AMX can cause severe damage to the kidney leading to renal failure.…”

Electrooxidation using SnO2–RuO2–IrO2|Ti and IrO2–Ta2O5|Ti anodes as tertiary treatment of oil refinery effluent

“…Depending on the anodic potential at IrO 2 –Ta 2 O 5 |Ti and RuO 2 –IrO 2 |Ti electrodes, various redox transitions can occur in the Ir and Ru oxides. For Ir oxides, it can occur the oxidation of Ir(II) to Ir(IV), followed by its oxidation to Ir(V) [61, 62]. Importantly, Ta 2 O 5 does not participate in redox reactions [63]; however, it regulates the transport of H + during OER [64] and increases the active sites and electrocatalytic activity of the anode surface [65].…”

“…Importantly, Ta 2 O 5 does not participate in redox reactions [63]; however, it regulates the transport of H + during OER [64] and increases the active sites and electrocatalytic activity of the anode surface [65]. RuO 2 can be oxidized from Ru(III) to Ru(IV), followed by its oxidation to Ru(VI), as reported by several authors [61, 66]. For the case of SnO 2 –RuO 2 –IrO 2 |Ti electrode, IrO 2 provides stability, since Ir inhibits the oxidative dissolution of Ru by regulating its electronic structure [67].…”

Effect of chemical treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the specific capacitance of supercapacitors

“…Another method of functionalization is the use of oxygen-free acids, e.g., HCl, HF and their mixtures with hydrogen peroxide [23]. In addition, solutions of acidic oxides are also used [24], etc. Also, various persulphates and hypochlorites have found their application in this area.…”