Electrochemical Detection of Ivermectin Used for the Treatment of COVID-19 with Glutardialdehyde-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract

Graphical abstract In this study, the surface of the glassy carbon electrode was modified with glutardialdehyde. The modified glassy carbon electrode showed electrocatalytic activity against ivermectin. The glassy carbon electrode modified with glutardialdehyde showed high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability in the determination of ivermectin. The peak current of glutardialdehyde oxidation obtained by differential pulse voltammetry decreased inversely with the ivermectin concentration. Ivermectin inhibited the oxidation reaction of glutardialdehyde and caused a decrease in current. This change made the analysis of ivermectin electrochemically possible. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method in real samples, recovery studies were carried out in tap water and urine. The highest sensitivity (0.45 µA/((µmol·L −1 )(cm 2 ))) was achieved with urine sample and the lowest detection limit as 2.66 × 10 −6 mol·L −1 was obtained with BRT solution sample.

A Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) in Pharmaceutic Tablet

“…The repeatability of the peak potential (RSD %) and the peak current (RSD %) between days were found to be 0.3 and 4.41, respectively. It was found that the RSD % value of the peak potential and peak current of the CuO‐GA 2 /BDDE within the same day and over the course of different days was less than 5 %, which indicates good electrode repeatability [22,44,45] …”

“…It was found that the RSD % value of the peak potential and peak current of the CuO-GA 2 /BDDE within the same day and over the course of different days was less than 5 %, which indicates good electrode repeatability. [22,44,45] The method used to determine the DPV of vitamin B6 on the CuO-GA 2 /BDDE (pulse time: 10 ms, a pulse amplitude: 200 mV • s À 1 , Estep: 2 mV • s À 1 , and v: 50 mVs À 1 ). Comparison of the linear range and limits of detection (LOD) of different electrodes and methods used for the electroanalysisof vitamin B6 is given Table 1.…”

“…During the electroanalysis of ivermectin, which was used in the treatment of COVID-19, the electrode surface was modified with GA 2 , which allowed for a fast, sensitive, and precise analysis of the drug. [22] In addition, GA 2 has been successfully used as a chemical binder in the electrochemical analysis of the blood pressure medications metoprolol and nebivolol. [23,24] The electrocatalytic properties of the electrode are analyzed with electroanalytical sensing.…”

“…In these electrochemical studies, glutaraldehyde (or glutardialdehyde (GA 2 )) has been applied as a cross‐linking chemical for the modification of the boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDDE) surface. During the electroanalysis of ivermectin, which was used in the treatment of COVID‐19, the electrode surface was modified with GA 2 , which allowed for a fast, sensitive, and precise analysis of the drug [22] . In addition, GA 2 has been successfully used as a chemical binder in the electrochemical analysis of the blood pressure medications metoprolol and nebivolol [23,24] …”

Lab-made CO2 laser-engraved electrochemical sensors for ivermectin determination

“…Electroanalytical methods present special features, such as miniaturized detection systems, portable instrumentation, simple operation, and low generation of residues, which make them as a powerful strategy for IVM determination. The literature mainly reports the use of modified electrodes for IVM determination in several samples, especially glassy carbon disc electrodes, which were modified with reduced graphene doped with silver nanoparticles decorated B and S heteroatoms, 9 glutaraldehyde 10 and β-cyclodextrin/graphene. 11 Alternatively, a boron-doped diamond electrode coupled with Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) system was also reported for IVM determination.…”