Electrochemical determination of glutathione: a review

Abstract

The physiological importance of glutathione and glutathione disulfide is evident from their implications in an array of medical conditions including diabetes, Parkinson's disease and cancer. As such the need for simple, rapid and cheap assays to aid clinical diagnostics and treatment is clear. These requirements are, in principle at least, ideally suited to electrochemical detection. Accordingly a large array of voltammetric methods ultimately aimed at making cheap and most likely disposable electrodes have been reported. This critical review analyses the context in which physiological glutathione measurement can be undertaken electrochemically and compares it to current assay approaches, while also covering the current literature for glutathione disulfide detection. The various characteristics and limitations of the methodologies are compared and contrasted, with the analytical parameters (matrix, pH, limit of detection, etc.) tabulated to aid comparison.

Selective Thiol Detection in Authentic Biological Samples with the Use of Screen-printed Electrodes

“…The shift of the unknown electroactive species could be attributed to the silver quasi-reference electrode built into the screen-printed electrode. Since human plasma alone contains contents of homocysteine and glutathione, 1,5,8,16,18,20,[37][38] we can expect to see an adduct peak signal associated with the thiol-catechol reaction. To definitively determine the peak observed at ca.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Thiols, such as homocysteine (HCy) and glutathione (GSH), are ubiquitous in physiological fluids as they play an important role in maintenance, antioxidation protection and metabolism. 9,[12][13] Levels of these thiols have been reported to be important as changes at the cellular role may have implications to conditions such as arteriosclerosis, 5,12,14 leukaemia, [14][15] cancer, 14,16 Alzheimer's, 5,[17][18][19] and/or Parkinson's disease. 5,[17][18] As such, selective detection is valuable for the biomedical community as it may provide a versatile diagnostic pathway to monitor various conditions.…”

Immunosensing platform based on gallium nanoparticle arrays on silicon substrates

“…Standard kits usually rely on spectrofluorimetry (Meyer et al 2001;Xu et al 2015) and ELISA (antigen-antibody recognition) and reach limits of detection around 0.1-0.5 µg/mL (0.325-1.625 µM). Other techniques such as electrochemistry (Harfield et al 2012;Ndamanisha et al 2009;White et al 2002), high-performance liquid chromatography (Lu et al 2007;Vacek et al 2006;Zhang et al 2005), gas chromatography (Kataoka et al 1995), or quartz crystal microbalance (Gerdon et al 2005) have been employed enabling the detection at lower levels. However, all these methods have advantages but also drawbacks, such as less selectivity against other aminoacids or the time consuming characteristics, that make the analysis tedious and complicated.…”

A Sensitive Voltammetric Sensor for Determination of Glutathione Based on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrode Incorporating Pyrogallol Red

“…Several methods have been reported for the determination of GSH. These, include chemiluminescence 18 , High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [19][20][21] , capillary electrophores [22][23][24][25][26] , derivatization methods 27 , liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 28 , liquid chromatography -electrospray mass spectrometric (HPLC-ESI-MS) 29 , liquid chromatography-Electrochemical Method [30][31][32] , Electrochemical methods provide useful alternatives since they allow faster, cheaper and safer analysis [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] .…”