2 A cooling hole is important structure of turbine blades for high-performance aircraft engines. It is very challenging to manufacture cooling holes in superalloys including nickel-based and titanium alloys. This article aims to provide a critical assessment on the major types of machining processes for manufacturing cooling holes. The process mechanism, efficiency, form accuracy, and surface integrity of the state-of-art of four machining processes, i.e., mechanical drilling (MD), electrical discharge drilling (EDD), laser drilling (LD), and electrochemical drilling (ECD) have been thoroughly analyzed and compared in details. The future challenges and future potential research directions for the machining processes are also discussed.